Kamp Lisa, Church Jennifer L, Carpino Justin, Faltin-Mara Erin, Rubio Fernando
Abraxis LLC, 124 Railroad Drive, Warminster, PA 18974, USA.
Abraxis LLC, 124 Railroad Drive, Warminster, PA 18974, USA.
Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Feb 25;246:45-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.016. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms occur in freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs, and in brackish waters throughout the world. The wide variety of cyanotoxins and their congeners can lead to frequent exposure of humans through consumption of meat, fish, seafood, blue-green algal products and water, accidental ingestion of contaminated water and cyanobacterial scum during recreational activities, and inhalation of cyanobacterial aerosols. Cyanotoxins can also occur in the drinking water supply. In order to monitor human exposure, sensitive analytical methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are often used. Regardless of the analytical method of choice, some problems regularly occur during sample collection, treatment, storage, and preparation which cause toxin loss and therefore underestimation of the true concentration. To evaluate the potential influence of sample treatment, storage and preparation materials on surface and drinking water samples, the effects of different types of materials on toxin recovery were compared. Collection and storage materials included glass and various types of plastics. It was found that microcystin congeners LA and LF adsorbed to polystyrene, polypropylene, high density polyethylene and polycarbonate storage containers, leading to low recoveries (<70%), cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin did not adsorb to the containers tested. Therefore, this study shows that glass or polyethylene terephthalate glycol containers are the materials of choice for collection and storage of samples containing the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin, microcystins, and saxitoxin. This study also demonstrated that after 15 min chlorine decreased the concentration of microcystin LR to <40%, microcystin LA and saxitoxin to <15%, therefore quenching of drinking water samples immediately upon sample collection is critical for accurate analysis. In addition, the effect of various drinking water treatment chemicals on toxin recovery and the behavior of those chemicals in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were also studied and are summarized.
蓝藻有害藻华在世界各地的淡水湖泊、池塘、河流、水库以及咸淡水中均有发生。种类繁多的蓝藻毒素及其同系物会导致人类通过食用肉类、鱼类、海鲜、蓝绿藻产品和水、在娱乐活动中意外摄入受污染的水和蓝藻浮沫以及吸入蓝藻气溶胶而频繁接触到这些毒素。蓝藻毒素也可能出现在饮用水供应中。为了监测人类接触情况，常使用酶联免疫吸附测定和液相色谱 - 质谱等灵敏的分析方法。无论选择何种分析方法，在样品采集、处理、储存和制备过程中经常会出现一些问题，这些问题会导致毒素损失，从而低估真实浓度。为了评估样品处理、储存和制备材料对地表水和饮用水样品的潜在影响，比较了不同类型材料对毒素回收率的影响。采集和储存材料包括玻璃和各种类型的塑料。研究发现，微囊藻毒素同系物LA和LF会吸附到聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯和聚碳酸酯储存容器上，导致回收率较低（<70%），而柱孢藻毒素和石房蛤毒素不会吸附到所测试的容器上。因此，本研究表明，玻璃或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯容器是采集和储存含有柱孢藻毒素、微囊藻毒素和石房蛤毒素的样品的首选材料。本研究还表明，15分钟后，氯可使微囊藻毒素LR浓度降至<40%，微囊藻毒素LA和石房蛤毒素浓度降至<15%，因此样品采集后立即对饮用水样品进行淬灭对于准确分析至关重要。此外，还研究并总结了各种饮用水处理化学品对毒素回收率的影响以及这些化学品在酶联免疫吸附测定中的行为。
