Michelot D
J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1989 Mar-Apr;9(2):83-99.
Gyromitra esculenta (Persoon ex Fries) mushrooms have been responsible for severe intoxications and even deaths. Clinical data are characterized primarily by vomiting and diarrhoea, and, afterwhile, by jaundice, convulsions and coma. The species of concern are mainly G. esculenta, G. fastigiata and G. gigas; nevertheless, recent advances in chromatography, biochemistry and toxicology have established that other species within the Ascomycetes may prove also toxic. The toxins, i.e. gyromitrin (N-methyl-N-formyl-N-acetyl-hydrazone) and its higher homologues, are converted in vivo into MFH (N-methyl-N-formyl-hydrazine), then into MMH (N-Methylhydrazine). The toxicity of these latter chemicals, which are chiefly hepatotoxic and even carcinogenic, has been established through in vivo, and, in vitro experiments with monocelled cultures and biochemical systems. Considering the chemical structure and the reactivity of these natural compounds, chemical and biochemical mechanisms are suggested in order to explain their intrinsic biological activity.
鹿花菌（Persoon ex Fries）会导致严重中毒甚至死亡。临床数据主要表现为呕吐和腹泻，随后会出现黄疸、抽搐和昏迷。主要涉及的菌种为鹿花菌、帚状鹿花菌和大鹿花菌；然而，色谱分析、生物化学和毒理学方面的最新进展表明，子囊菌纲中的其他菌种也可能具有毒性。毒素，即鹿花菌素（N-甲基-N-甲酰基-N-乙酰腙）及其高级同系物，在体内会转化为MFH（N-甲基-N-甲酰基肼），然后再转化为MMH（N-甲基肼）。这些化学物质的毒性主要是肝毒性甚至致癌性，这已通过体内实验以及单细胞培养和生化系统的体外实验得到证实。考虑到这些天然化合物的化学结构和反应性，我们提出了化学和生化机制来解释它们固有的生物活性。
