Skrzypek Michał, Turska Dorota
Przegl Lek. 2015;72(6):295-301.
Specialty choice made by medical students takes into account the nature of future medical practice. Holland's congruence theory, according to which career choice is treated as an expression of personality characteristics common for all representatives of the same profession, has served as a theoretical background for own research on the subject matter. Spectacular exemplification of fit between mental resources--personality characteristics and working environment requirements, is the concept of distinct surgical personality (DSP), widely discussed in worldwide literature of the subject (although not in native one). The article offers an author's broadened perception of DSP conception encompassing not only personality characteristics, but also values preference.
The research aims at verifying the hypothesis that a given personality constellation directs the choice of surgery as a prospective specialty made by medical students, as well as allows predicting the style of future vocational practice, characterized by dominant instrumental activities, with little emphasis on affective medical actions, typical for technique-oriented specialties.
The study involved a total of 223 students of fourth year of medical studies at Medical University of Lublin. Students declaring their choice of surgical specialty constituted the criterion group (N = 93). The control group comprised of students who declared their choice of person-oriented specialties, aimed at work with patient approached holistically (N = 75), in accordance with dichotomous specialty division adopted for the research purposes. Polish adaptations of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) by Costa and McCrae and Schwartz Value Survey were applied.
The use of multivariate logistic regression indicates three crucial predictions of surgical specialty choice: 'neuroticism' and 'agreeableness' (personality trials-negative predictors) and 'self-enhancement' (value meta-category - positive predictors), however the latter variable has the strongest impact on the choice. The tested model comprising both personality characteristics and allows proper classification of 85% respondents declaring their surgical choice.
Personality constellation of prospective surgical adepts appears to be a coherent and strong predictors of medical practice style characteristic for surgery--with strong biotechnical orientation, and predisposition to building paternalistic relations with patients in interpersonal layer. The personality of surgeons-to-be corresponds with functional requirements of surgical treatment, nevertheless their readiness to adequate reaction on non-medical patients' needs requires designing educational process so that it activates values complementary to 'power' and 'achievement', mainly 'universalism', viewed as perceiving others as equal to self.
医学生的专业选择会考虑未来医疗实践的性质。霍兰德的一致性理论将职业选择视为同一职业所有代表共有的人格特征的一种表达，该理论为关于这一主题的自身研究提供了理论背景。精神资源（人格特征）与工作环境要求之间契合的显著例证是独特外科人格（DSP）的概念，这一概念在全球该主题文献中得到广泛讨论（尽管在国内文献中未被提及）。本文提供了作者对DSP概念的更广泛理解，其不仅涵盖人格特征，还包括价值观偏好。
本研究旨在验证以下假设：特定的人格组合会引导医学生选择外科作为未来专业，并且能够预测未来职业实践的风格，其特点是以主导性的工具性活动为主，很少强调情感性医疗行为，这是技术导向型专业的典型特征。
该研究共涉及卢布林医科大学医学专业四年级的223名学生。宣称选择外科专业的学生构成标准组（N = 93）。对照组由宣称选择以患者为导向专业的学生组成，这些专业旨在全面对待患者（N = seventy-five），这一划分是根据研究目的采用的二分法专业分类。应用了由科斯塔和麦克雷编制的NEO五因素问卷（NEO - FFI）的波兰语改编版以及施瓦茨价值调查问卷。
多元逻辑回归分析表明，外科专业选择有三个关键预测因素：“神经质”和“宜人性”（人格测试中的负向预测因素）以及“自我提升”（价值元类别——正向预测因素），然而后一个变量对选择的影响最强。包含人格特征的测试模型能够正确分类85%宣称选择外科专业的受访者。
未来外科从业者的人格组合似乎是外科医疗实践风格的连贯且有力的预测因素，这种风格具有强烈的生物技术导向，并且在人际层面倾向于与患者建立家长式关系。未来外科医生的人格与外科治疗的功能要求相符，然而他们对患者非医疗需求做出充分反应的意愿要求设计教育过程，以便激活与“权力”和“成就”互补的价值观，主要是“普遍主义”，即视他人与自己平等。
