Isarida Toshiko K, Kubota Takayuki, Nakajima Saki, Isarida Takeo
a Shizuoka College , Shizuoka Prefectural University , Shizuoka , Japan.
b Faculty of Informatics , Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu , Japan.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2017 Mar;70(3):533-543. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1138975. Epub 2016 Mar 8.
The present study reexamined the mood-mediation hypothesis for explaining background-music-dependent effects in free recall. Experiments 1 and 2 respectively examined tempo- and tonality-dependent effects in free recall, which had been used as evidence for the mood-mediation hypothesis. In Experiments 1 and 2, undergraduates (n = 75 per experiment) incidentally learned a list of 20 unrelated words presented one by one at a rate of 5 s per word and then received a 30-s delayed oral free-recall test. Throughout the study and test sessions, a piece of music was played. At the time of test, one third of the participants received the same piece of music with the same tempo or tonality as at study, one third heard a different piece with the same tempo or tonality, and one third heard a different piece with a different tempo or tonality. Note that the condition of the same piece with a different tempo or tonality was excluded. Furthermore, the number of sampled pieces of background music was increased compared with previous studies. The results showed neither tempo- nor tonality-dependent effects, but only a background-music-dependent effect. Experiment 3 (n = 40) compared the effects of background music with a verbal association task and focal music (only listening to musical selections) on the participants' moods. The results showed that both the music tempo and tonality influenced the corresponding mood dimensions (arousal and pleasantness). These results are taken as evidence against the mood-mediation hypothesis. Theoretical implications are discussed.
本研究重新审视了用于解释自由回忆中背景音乐依赖效应的情绪中介假说。实验1和实验2分别考察了自由回忆中与节奏和调性相关的效应，这些效应曾被用作情绪中介假说的证据。在实验1和实验2中，本科生（每个实验n = 75）偶然学习了一份包含20个不相关单词的列表，单词以每秒5个的速度逐个呈现，然后接受30秒延迟的口头自由回忆测试。在整个学习和测试过程中，播放一段音乐。在测试时，三分之一的参与者听到的音乐与学习时的节奏或调性相同，三分之一听到的是节奏或调性相同但不同的音乐，三分之一听到的是节奏和调性都不同的音乐。请注意，排除了节奏或调性不同但音乐相同的情况。此外，与之前的研究相比，背景音乐的采样数量有所增加。结果显示，既没有与节奏相关的效应，也没有与调性相关的效应，只有背景音乐依赖效应。实验3（n = 40）比较了背景音乐、言语联想任务和专注聆听音乐（仅听音乐片段）对参与者情绪的影响。结果表明，音乐的节奏和调性都影响了相应的情绪维度（唤醒和愉悦度）。这些结果被视为反对情绪中介假说的证据。文中讨论了其理论意义。
