Veldman D J, Bown O H
Multivariate Behav Res. 1968 Oct 1;3(4):513-7. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0304_11.
Published research has linked cigarette smoking with (1) inferior academic performance, (2) lower quantitative scholastic aptitude, and (3) negative attitude toward authority figures. Using data from 2315 freshmen (1368 males and 967 females), these three relationships were confirmed. Further- more, analyses of covariance clearly demonstrated that neither scholastic aptitude nor attitudes toward authority-although themselves related to academic performance would account for the relationship between cigarette smoking and grade-point average.
（1）学业成绩较差，（2）定量学术能力较低，以及（3）对权威人物的消极态度。利用来自2315名新生（1368名男性和967名女性）的数据，证实了这三种关系。此外，协方差分析清楚地表明，无论是学术能力还是对权威的态度——尽管它们本身与学业成绩相关——都无法解释吸烟与平均绩点之间的关系。
