Balish Shea M
Cardiovascular Research Unit (CRU), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Spatial Intelligence for Health Knowledge (SILK) Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2017 Mar;7(1):21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2015.12.003. Epub 2016 Jan 27.
Although evidence suggests sport and recreation are powerful contributors to worldwide public health, sizable gender differences persist. It is unknown whether country characteristics moderate gender differences across countries. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if countries' levels of democracy and/or gender inequality moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. The secondary purpose was to examine if democracy and/or gender inequality predicts overall rates of sport and recreation membership for both males and females. This study involved a nested cross-sectional design and employed the sixth wave (2013) of the world value survey (n=71,901, n=52). Multiple hierarchal nonlinear Bernoulli models tested: (1) if countries' levels of democracy moderate gender differences in sport and recreation membership; and (2) if democracy is associated with increased sport and recreation membership for both males and females. Countries' level of democracy fully moderated gender differences in sport and recreation membership across countries. Moreover, democracy was positively associated with both male and female membership, even when controlling for individual and country-level covariates. Democratic political regimes may confer health benefits via increased levels of sport and recreation membership, especially for females. Future research should test mediating mechanisms.
尽管有证据表明体育和娱乐对全球公众健康有巨大贡献，但显著的性别差异依然存在。尚不清楚国家特征是否会调节各国之间的性别差异。本研究的主要目的是检验各国的民主水平和/或性别不平等是否会调节各国体育和娱乐会员资格方面的性别差异。次要目的是检验民主和/或性别不平等是否能预测男性和女性体育和娱乐会员资格的总体比率。本研究采用嵌套横断面设计，并使用了世界价值观调查的第六波数据（2013年，n = 71,901，n = 52）。多个层次非线性伯努利模型进行了检验：（1）各国的民主水平是否会调节体育和娱乐会员资格方面的性别差异；（2）民主是否与男性和女性体育和娱乐会员人数的增加相关。各国的民主水平完全调节了各国体育和娱乐会员资格方面的性别差异。此外，即使在控制了个人和国家层面的协变量后，民主与男性和女性会员资格均呈正相关。民主政治制度可能通过提高体育和娱乐会员人数来带来健康益处，尤其是对女性而言。未来的研究应检验中介机制。
