Schmitt David P, Realo Anu, Voracek Martin, Allik Jüri
Department of Psychology, Bradley University.
Department of Psychology, University of Tartu.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Jan;94(1):168-182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168.
Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N = 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development--including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth--were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men's personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated.
先前的研究表明，在繁荣、健康且平等的文化中，人格特质的性别差异更大，在这些文化中女性拥有与男性更多的平等机会。在本文中，作者报告了跨文化研究结果，这一非直观的结果在来自55个国家的样本（N = 17,637）中得到了重复验证。在对大五人格量表的回答中，在大多数国家，女性报告的神经质、外向性、宜人性和尽责性水平均高于男性。这些发现与先前使用不同大五人格测量方法且国家样本更有限的研究结果一致。总体而言，更高水平的人类发展——包括长寿且健康的生活、平等获取知识和教育的机会以及经济财富——是人格中性别差异更大的主要国家层面预测因素。男性人格特质的变化似乎是跨文化性别差异变化的主要原因。有人提出，在发达国家，由于男性和女性的人格特质受到的约束较少且更能够自然地分化，导致了性二态性水平的提高。在不太幸运的社会和经济条件下，男性和女性之间天生的人格差异可能会减弱。
