Pagel J I, Choukèr A
Stress and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Stress and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Jun 15;120(12):1449-57. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00928.2015. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
Human psychology and physiology are significantly altered by isolation and confinement. In light of planned exploration class interplanetary missions, the related adverse effects on the human body need to be explored and defined as they have a large impact on a mission's success. Terrestrial space analogs offer an excellent controlled environment to study some of these stressors during a space mission in isolation without the complex environment of the International Space Station. Participants subjected to these space analog conditions can encounter typical symptoms ranging from neurocognitive changes, fatigue, misaligned circadian rhythm, sleep disorders, altered stress hormone levels, and immune modulatory changes. This review focuses on both the psychological and the physiological responses observed in participants of long-duration spaceflight analog studies, such as Mars500 or Antarctic winter-over. They provide important insight into similarities and differences encountered in each simulated setting. The identification of adverse effects from confinement allows not only the crew to better prepare for but also to design feasible countermeasures that will help support space travelers during exploration class missions in the future.
隔离和禁闭会显著改变人类的心理和生理状态。鉴于计划中的星际探索任务，需要对其对人体的相关不良影响进行探索和界定，因为这些影响对任务的成功至关重要。地面空间模拟环境为在隔离状态下研究太空任务中的一些应激源提供了绝佳的可控环境，避免了国际空间站复杂环境的干扰。处于这些空间模拟条件下的参与者可能会出现一系列典型症状，包括神经认知变化、疲劳、昼夜节律失调、睡眠障碍、应激激素水平改变以及免疫调节变化。本综述聚焦于长期太空飞行模拟研究（如“火星500”或南极越冬任务）参与者所观察到的心理和生理反应。这些研究为我们深入了解每种模拟环境中的异同提供了重要视角。识别禁闭带来的不良影响不仅能让宇航员更好地做好准备，还能设计出可行的应对措施，以在未来的探索任务中帮助支持太空旅行者。
