Bell Alison M, McGhee Katie E, Stein Laura
Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, U.S.A.
Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016 Feb 1;7:28-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.10.011.
Stressors experienced by parents can influence the behavioral development of their offspring. Here, we review recent studies in threespined sticklebacks (a species in which males are the sole providers of parental care) showing that when parents are exposed to an ecologically relevant stressor (predation risk), there are consequences for offspring. For example, female sticklebacks exposed to predation risk produce eggs with higher concentrations of cortisol, a stress hormone, and offspring with altered behavior and physiology. Male sticklebacks exposed to predation risk produce offspring that are less active, smaller, and in poorer condition. The precise mechanisms by which maternal and paternal experiences with predators affect offspring phenotypes are under investigation, and could include steroid hormones, olfactory cues and/or parental behavior. As in other species, some of the consequences of parental exposure to predation risk for offspring in sticklebacks might be adaptive, but depend on the stressor, the reliability of the parental and offspring environments and the evolutionary history of the population.
父母所经历的压力源会影响其后代的行为发展。在此，我们回顾了近期针对三刺鱼（一种雄性是唯一亲代抚育提供者的物种）的研究，这些研究表明，当父母暴露于与生态相关的压力源（捕食风险）时，会对后代产生影响。例如，暴露于捕食风险的雌性三刺鱼会产出皮质醇（一种应激激素）浓度更高的卵，其后代的行为和生理也会发生改变。暴露于捕食风险的雄性三刺鱼所产生的后代活跃度较低、体型较小且身体状况较差。母体和父体与捕食者的经历影响后代表型的具体机制正在研究中，可能包括类固醇激素、嗅觉线索和/或亲代行为。与其他物种一样，三刺鱼中亲代暴露于捕食风险对后代的一些影响可能具有适应性，但这取决于压力源、亲代和后代环境的可靠性以及种群的进化历史。
