Norman J Farley, Phillips Flip, Cheeseman Jacob R, Thomason Kelsey E, Ronning Cecilia, Behari Kriti, Kleinman Kayla, Calloway Autum B, Lamirande Davora
Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America.
Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2016 Feb 10;11(2):e0149058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149058. eCollection 2016.
It is well known that motion facilitates the visual perception of solid object shape, particularly when surface texture or other identifiable features (e.g., corners) are present. Conventional models of structure-from-motion require the presence of texture or identifiable object features in order to recover 3-D structure. Is the facilitation in 3-D shape perception similar in magnitude when surface texture is absent? On any given trial in the current experiments, participants were presented with a single randomly-selected solid object (bell pepper or randomly-shaped "glaven") for 12 seconds and were required to indicate which of 12 (for bell peppers) or 8 (for glavens) simultaneously visible objects possessed the same shape. The initial single object's shape was defined either by boundary contours alone (i.e., presented as a silhouette), specular highlights alone, specular highlights combined with boundary contours, or texture. In addition, there was a haptic condition: in this condition, the participants haptically explored with both hands (but could not see) the initial single object for 12 seconds; they then performed the same shape-matching task used in the visual conditions. For both the visual and haptic conditions, motion (rotation in depth or active object manipulation) was present in half of the trials and was not present for the remaining trials. The effect of motion was quantitatively similar for all of the visual and haptic conditions-e.g., the participants' performance in Experiment 1 was 93.5 percent higher in the motion or active haptic manipulation conditions (when compared to the static conditions). The current results demonstrate that deforming specular highlights or boundary contours facilitate 3-D shape perception as much as the motion of objects that possess texture. The current results also indicate that the improvement with motion that occurs for haptics is similar in magnitude to that which occurs for vision.
众所周知，运动有助于对固体物体形状的视觉感知，尤其是当存在表面纹理或其他可识别特征（如角）时。传统的从运动中获取结构的模型需要存在纹理或可识别的物体特征才能恢复三维结构。当没有表面纹理时，三维形状感知的促进作用在程度上是否相似？在当前实验的任何一次试验中，向参与者展示一个随机选择的固体物体（甜椒或随机形状的“格拉文”）12秒，并要求他们指出12个（对于甜椒）或8个（对于格拉文）同时可见的物体中哪一个具有相同的形状。初始单个物体的形状由单独的边界轮廓（即作为轮廓呈现）、单独的镜面高光、镜面高光与边界轮廓的组合或纹理定义。此外，还有一种触觉条件：在这种条件下，参与者用双手触觉探索（但看不到）初始单个物体12秒；然后他们执行与视觉条件中相同的形状匹配任务。对于视觉和触觉条件，在一半的试验中存在运动（深度旋转或主动物体操作），而其余试验中不存在运动。对于所有视觉和触觉条件，运动的效果在数量上是相似的——例如，在实验1中，参与者在运动或主动触觉操作条件下的表现（与静态条件相比）高出93.5%。当前结果表明，变形的镜面高光或边界轮廓对三维形状感知的促进作用与具有纹理的物体的运动相同。当前结果还表明，触觉中因运动而产生的改善在程度上与视觉中产生的改善相似。
