Kumar Raj, Dhaliwal Harkiran Preet, Kukreja Roshan Vijay, Singh Bal Ram
Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Massachusetts.
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts.
Semin Neurol. 2016 Feb;36(1):10-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1571215. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) produced by Clostridium botulinum is the most potent molecule known to mankind. Higher potency of BoNT is attributed to several factors, including structural and functional uniqueness, target specificity, and longevity. Although BoNT is an extremely toxic molecule, it is now increasingly used for the treatment of disorders related to muscle hyperactivity and glandular hyperactivity. Weakening of muscles due to peripheral action of BoNT produces a therapeutic effect. Depending on the target tissue, BoNT can block the cholinergic neuromuscular or cholinergic autonomic innervation of exocrine glands and smooth muscles. In recent observations of the analgesic properties of BoNT, the toxin modifies the sensory feedback loop to the central nervous system. Differential effects of BoNT in excitatory and inhibitory neurons provide a unique therapeutic tool. In this review the authors briefly summarize the structure and mechanism of actions of BoNT on motor and sensory neurons to explain its therapeutic effects and future potential.
肉毒杆菌产生的肉毒杆菌神经毒素（BoNT）是人类已知的毒性最强的分子。BoNT的高效性归因于几个因素，包括结构和功能的独特性、靶点特异性和长效性。尽管BoNT是一种剧毒分子，但它现在越来越多地用于治疗与肌肉活动亢进和腺体活动亢进相关的疾病。BoNT的外周作用导致肌肉松弛从而产生治疗效果。根据靶组织的不同，BoNT可以阻断外分泌腺和平滑肌的胆碱能神经肌肉或胆碱能自主神经支配。在最近对BoNT镇痛特性的观察中，该毒素改变了向中枢神经系统的感觉反馈回路。BoNT在兴奋性和抑制性神经元中的不同作用提供了一种独特的治疗工具。在这篇综述中，作者简要总结了BoNT对运动和感觉神经元的作用结构和机制，以解释其治疗效果和未来潜力。
