Globus Ruth K, Morey-Holton Emily
Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 May 15;120(10):1196-206. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00997.2015. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
The rodent hindlimb unloading (HU) model was developed in the 1980s to make it possible to study mechanisms, responses, and treatments for the adverse consequences of spaceflight. Decades before development of the HU model, weightlessness was predicted to yield deficits in the principal tissues responsible for structure and movement on Earth, primarily muscle and bone. Indeed, results from early spaceflight and HU experiments confirmed the expected sensitivity of the musculoskeletal system to gravity loading. Results from human and animal spaceflight and HU experiments show that nearly all organ systems and tissues studied display some measurable changes, albeit sometimes minor and of uncertain relevance to astronaut health. The focus of this review is to examine key HU results for various organ systems including those related to stress; the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems; vision changes; and wound healing. Analysis of the validity of the HU model is important given its potential value for both hypothesis testing and countermeasure development.
啮齿动物后肢卸载（HU）模型于20世纪80年代开发，以便能够研究太空飞行不良后果的机制、反应和治疗方法。在HU模型开发的几十年前，人们预计失重会导致地球上负责结构和运动的主要组织出现缺陷，主要是肌肉和骨骼。事实上，早期太空飞行和HU实验的结果证实了肌肉骨骼系统对重力负荷的预期敏感性。人类和动物太空飞行以及HU实验的结果表明，几乎所有研究的器官系统和组织都显示出一些可测量的变化，尽管有时变化很小且与宇航员健康的相关性不确定。本综述的重点是检查各种器官系统的关键HU结果，包括与应激相关的结果；免疫、心血管和神经系统；视力变化；以及伤口愈合。鉴于HU模型在假设检验和对策开发方面的潜在价值，分析其有效性很重要。
