Don Hilary J, Goldwater Micah B, Otto A Ross, Livesey Evan J
School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2016 Oct;23(5):1615-1623. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1012-y.
Numerous tasks in learning and cognition have demonstrated differences in response patterns that may reflect the operation of two distinct systems. For example, causal and reinforcement learning tasks each show responding that considers abstract structure as well as responding based on simple associations. Nevertheless, there has been little attempt to verify whether these tasks are measuring related processes. The current study therefore investigated the relationship between rule- and feature-based generalization in a causal learning task, and model-based and model-free responding in a reinforcement learning task, including cognitive reflection as a predictor of individual tendencies to use controlled, deliberative processes in these tasks. We found that the use of rule-based generalization in a patterning task was a significant predictor of model-based, but not model-free, choice. Individual differences in cognitive reflection were significantly correlated with performance in both tasks, although this did not predict variation in model-based choice independently of rule-based generalization. Thus, although there is evidence of stable individual differences in the use of higher order processes across tasks, there may also be differences in mechanisms that these tasks reveal.
学习和认知中的众多任务都表明，反应模式存在差异，这可能反映了两种不同系统的运作。例如，因果学习任务和强化学习任务都表现出既考虑抽象结构的反应，也有基于简单关联的反应。然而，几乎没有人尝试验证这些任务是否在测量相关过程。因此，本研究调查了因果学习任务中基于规则和基于特征的泛化之间的关系，以及强化学习任务中基于模型和无模型反应之间的关系，包括将认知反思作为个体在这些任务中使用可控、深思熟虑过程倾向的预测指标。我们发现，在模式任务中使用基于规则的泛化是基于模型而非无模型选择的显著预测指标。认知反思的个体差异与两项任务的表现都显著相关，尽管这并不能独立于基于规则的泛化来预测基于模型的选择的变化。因此，尽管有证据表明在跨任务使用高阶过程方面存在稳定的个体差异，但这些任务所揭示的机制可能也存在差异。
