Bruintjes Rick, Purser Julia, Everley Kirsty A, Mangan Stephanie, Simpson Stephen D, Radford Andrew N
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK.
School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
R Soc Open Sci. 2016 Jan 27;3(1):150686. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150686. eCollection 2016 Jan.
Noise from human activities is known to impact organisms in a variety of taxa, but most experimental studies on the behavioural effects of noise have focused on examining responses associated with the period of actual exposure. Unlike most pollutants, acoustic noise is generally short-lived, usually dissipating quickly after the source is turned off or leaves the area. In a series of experiments, we use established experimental paradigms to examine how fish behaviour and physiology are affected, both during short-term (2 min) exposure to playback of recordings of anthropogenic noise sources and in the immediate aftermath of noise exposure. We considered the anti-predator response and ventilation rate of juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla) and ventilation rate of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). As previously found, additional-noise exposure decreased eel anti-predator responses, increased startle latency and increased ventilation rate relative to ambient-noise-exposed controls. Our results show for the first time that those effects quickly dissipated; eels showed rapid recovery of startle responses and startle latency, and rapid albeit incomplete recovery of ventilation rate in the 2 min after noise cessation. Seabass in both laboratory and open-water conditions showed an increased ventilation rate during playback of additional noise compared with ambient conditions. However, within 2 min of noise cessation, ventilation rate showed complete recovery to levels equivalent to ambient-exposed control individuals. Care should be taken in generalizing these rapid-recovery results, as individuals might have accrued other costs during noise exposure and other species might show different recovery times. Nonetheless, our results from two different fish species provide tentative cause for optimism with respect to recovery following short-duration noise exposure, and suggest that considering periods following noise exposures could be important for mitigation and management decisions.
众所周知，人类活动产生的噪音会对多种生物分类群中的生物产生影响，但大多数关于噪音行为影响的实验研究都集中在检查与实际暴露期相关的反应上。与大多数污染物不同，声学噪音通常是短暂的，通常在声源关闭或离开该区域后很快消散。在一系列实验中，我们使用既定的实验范式来研究鱼类的行为和生理如何受到影响，无论是在短期（2分钟）暴露于人为噪音源录音回放期间，还是在噪音暴露之后。我们考虑了欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼（Anguilla anguilla）的反捕食者反应和通风率以及欧洲鲈鱼幼鱼（Dicentrarchus labrax）的通风率。如先前发现的那样，与暴露于环境噪音的对照组相比，额外噪音暴露降低了鳗鲡的反捕食者反应，增加了惊吓潜伏期并提高了通风率。我们的结果首次表明，这些影响很快就消散了；鳗鲡在噪音停止后的2分钟内，惊吓反应和惊吓潜伏期迅速恢复，通风率虽未完全恢复但也迅速恢复。在实验室和开放水域条件下，鲈鱼在额外噪音回放期间的通风率与环境条件相比都有所增加。然而，在噪音停止后的2分钟内，通风率完全恢复到与暴露于环境噪音的对照个体相当的水平。在推广这些快速恢复的结果时应谨慎，因为个体在噪音暴露期间可能已经产生了其他代价，而且其他物种可能表现出不同的恢复时间。尽管如此，我们对两种不同鱼类物种进行的研究结果为短期噪音暴露后的恢复提供了初步的乐观理由，并表明考虑噪音暴露后的时间段对于缓解和管理决策可能很重要。
