Neuheimer A B, Hartvig M, Heuschele J, Hylander S, Kiørboe T, Olsson K H, Sainmont J, Andersen K H
Ecology. 2015 Dec;96(12):3303-11. doi: 10.1890/14-2491.1.
Explaining variability in offspring vs. adult size among groups is a necessary step to determine the evolutionary and environmental constraints shaping variability in life history strategies. This is of particular interest for life in the ocean where a diversity of offspring development strategies is observed along with variability in physical and biological forcing factors in space and time. We compiled adult and offspring size for 407 pelagic marine species covering more than 17 orders of magnitude in body mass including Cephalopoda, Cnidaria, Crustaceans, Ctenophora, Elasmobranchii, Mammalia, Sagittoidea, and Teleost. We find marine life following one of two distinct strategies, with offspring size being either proportional to adult size (e.g., Crustaceans, Elasmobranchii, and Mammalia) or invariant with adult size (e.g., Cephalopoda, Cnidaria, Sagittoidea, Teleosts, and possibly Ctenophora). We discuss where these two strategies occur and how these patterns (along with the relative size of the offspring) may be shaped by physical and biological constraints in the organism's environment. This adaptive environment along with the evolutionary history of the different groups shape observed life history strategies and possible group-specific responses to changing environmental conditions (e.g., production and distribution).
解释不同群体中后代与成体大小的变异性，是确定塑造生活史策略变异性的进化和环境限制因素的必要步骤。这对于海洋生物尤其重要，因为在海洋中，观察到了多样的后代发育策略以及时空上物理和生物强迫因素的变异性。我们汇总了407种远洋海洋物种的成体和后代大小，这些物种涵盖了超过17个数量级的体重范围，包括头足纲、刺胞动物门、甲壳纲、栉水母动物门、板鳃亚纲、哺乳纲、矢虫纲和硬骨鱼纲。我们发现海洋生物遵循两种不同策略之一，后代大小要么与成体大小成比例（例如甲壳纲、板鳃亚纲和哺乳纲），要么与成体大小无关（例如头足纲、刺胞动物门、矢虫纲、硬骨鱼纲，可能还有栉水母动物门）。我们讨论了这两种策略在何处出现，以及这些模式（连同后代的相对大小）如何受到生物体环境中的物理和生物限制因素的影响。这种适应性环境以及不同群体的进化历史塑造了观察到的生活史策略以及对不断变化的环境条件（例如产量和分布）可能的群体特异性反应。
