Adetona Olorunfemi, Reinhardt Timothy E, Domitrovich Joe, Broyles George, Adetona Anna M, Kleinman Michael T, Ottmar Roger D, Naeher Luke P
a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA .
b Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, the Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA .
Inhal Toxicol. 2016;28(3):95-139. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771.
Each year, the general public and wildland firefighters in the US are exposed to smoke from wildland fires. As part of an effort to characterize health risks of breathing this smoke, a review of the literature was conducted using five major databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE Web of Knowledge, to identify smoke components that present the highest hazard potential, the mechanisms of toxicity, review epidemiological studies for health effects and identify the current gap in knowledge on the health impacts of wildland fire smoke exposure. Respiratory events measured in time series studies as incidences of disease-caused mortality, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and symptoms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are the health effects that are most commonly associated with community level exposure to wildland fire smoke. A few recent studies have also determined associations between acute wildland fire smoke exposure and cardiovascular health end-points. These cardiopulmonary effects were mostly observed in association with ambient air concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, research on the health effects of this mixture is currently limited. The health effects of acute exposures beyond susceptible populations and the effects of chronic exposures experienced by the wildland firefighter are largely unknown. Longitudinal studies of wildland firefighters during and/or after the firefighting career could help elucidate some of the unknown health impacts of cumulative exposure to wildland fire smoke, establish occupational exposure limits and help determine the types of exposure controls that may be applicable to the occupation.
在美国，每年普通公众和野外消防员都会接触到野火产生的烟雾。作为评估吸入这种烟雾对健康风险的一部分工作，我们使用了包括PubMed和MEDLINE Web of Knowledge在内的五个主要数据库对文献进行了综述，以确定具有最高潜在危害的烟雾成分、毒性机制，回顾健康影响的流行病学研究，并找出目前在野火烟雾暴露对健康影响方面的知识空白。在时间序列研究中测量的呼吸事件，如疾病导致的死亡率、住院率、急诊就诊率以及哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的症状，是与社区层面接触野火烟雾最常相关的健康影响。最近的一些研究还确定了急性野火烟雾暴露与心血管健康终点之间的关联。这些心肺效应大多与细颗粒物（PM2.5）的环境空气浓度有关。然而，目前对这种混合物健康影响的研究有限。除易感人群外，急性暴露的健康影响以及野外消防员长期暴露的影响在很大程度上尚不清楚。对野外消防员在灭火期间和/或之后的纵向研究，有助于阐明累积接触野火烟雾的一些未知健康影响，确定职业接触限值，并有助于确定适用于该职业的接触控制类型。
