Bukowski Henryk, Hietanen Jari K, Samson Dana
Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology, Human Information Processing Laboratory, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
Vis cogn. 2015 Sep 14;23(8):1020-1042. doi: 10.1080/13506285.2015.1132804. Epub 2016 Jan 24.
Two paradigms have shown that people automatically compute what or where another person is looking at. In the visual perspective-taking paradigm, participants judge how many objects they see; whereas, in the gaze cueing paradigm, participants identify a target. Unlike in the former task, in the latter task, the influence of what or where the other person is looking at is only observed when the other person is presented alone before the task-relevant objects. We show that this discrepancy across the two paradigms is not due to differences in visual settings (Experiment 1) or available time to extract the directional information (Experiment 2), but that it is caused by how attention is deployed in response to task instructions (Experiment 3). Thus, the mere presence of another person in the field of view is not sufficient to compute where/what that person is looking at, which qualifies the claimed automaticity of such computations.
两种范式表明，人们会自动计算他人在看什么或看向哪里。在视觉视角采择范式中，参与者判断他们看到了多少物体；而在注视线索范式中，参与者要识别一个目标。与前一个任务不同，在后者的任务中，只有当他人在与任务相关的物体之前单独呈现时，才会观察到他人看向何处或何物的影响。我们表明，这两种范式之间的差异并非由于视觉设置的不同（实验1）或提取方向信息的可用时间不同（实验2），而是由响应任务指令时注意力的部署方式导致的（实验3）。因此，视野中仅仅出现另一个人并不足以计算出那个人在看哪里/看什么，这对这种计算所宣称的自动性提出了质疑。
