The chapter deals with tools and techniques employed in pharmacognosy. Pharmacognostic evaluation helps to screen the commercial varieties, substitutes, adulterants and any other quality control of the drugs. It is a simple and reliable tool, helps to obtain information about biochemical and physical properties of crude drug. Methods such as macroscopic and microscopic analysis, maceration, histochemical colour reaction, photomicrography, organoleptic character of plant powder and extracts, fluorescence analysis of plant powder with different chemical reagents, determination of pH of plant powder, water solubility index (WSI) and water absorption index (WAI) and acid value are discussed.
本章论述了生药学中使用的工具和技术。生药鉴定有助于筛选商业品种、替代品、掺假物以及药物的任何其他质量控制。它是一种简单可靠的工具，有助于获取有关生药生化和物理性质的信息。文中讨论了宏观和微观分析、浸渍法、组织化学显色反应、显微摄影、植物粉末和提取物的感官特性、用不同化学试剂对植物粉末进行荧光分析、测定植物粉末的pH值、水溶性指数（WSI）和吸水性指数（WAI）以及酸值等方法。
