Roll Isaac B, Halden Rolf U
Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA.
Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA.
Water Res. 2016 May 1;94:200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.048. Epub 2016 Feb 23.
Integrative sampling enables the collection of analyte mass from environmental liquids over extended timeframes from hours to months. While the incentives to complement or replace conventional, time-discrete sampling have been widely discussed, the data quality implications of employing alternative, integrative methods have not yet been systematically studied. A critical analysis of contemporary literature reports showed the data quality of integrative samplers, whether active-advection or passive-diffusion, to be governed by uncertainty in both sampling rate and analyte recovery. Derivation of two lumped parameters, representing the coefficient of accumulation (α) of a contaminant from an environmental fluid and the coefficient of subsequent recovery (ρ) of its mass from the sampler, produced a conceptual framework for quantifying error sources in concentration data derived from accumulative samplers. Whereas the precision associated with recovery was found to be fairly consistent across eight passive-diffusion and active-advection devices (averaging 5-16% relative standard deviation, RSD), active-advection samplers effectively improve precision in sampling rate (analyte uptake), as determined for two active-advection devices (2-7% average RSD) and five passive devices (12-42% average RSD). In summary, an approach is presented whereby the data quality implications of integrative sampler design can be compared, which can inform the selection, optimization, and development of sampling systems to complement the state of the art.
综合采样能够在从数小时到数月的较长时间范围内，从环境液体中采集分析物质量。虽然补充或替代传统的定时离散采样的动机已被广泛讨论，但采用替代的综合方法对数据质量的影响尚未得到系统研究。对当代文献报告的批判性分析表明，综合采样器的数据质量，无论是主动对流型还是被动扩散型，都受采样速率和分析物回收率的不确定性影响。推导两个集总参数，分别代表污染物从环境流体中的累积系数（α）及其从采样器中后续的质量回收率（ρ），产生了一个概念框架，用于量化源自累积采样器的浓度数据中的误差源。虽然发现与回收率相关的精密度在八个被动扩散和主动对流装置中相当一致（相对标准偏差平均为5 - 16%，RSD），但主动对流采样器有效提高了采样速率（分析物摄取）的精密度，这在两个主动对流装置（平均RSD为2 - 7%）和五个被动装置（平均RSD为12 - 42%）中得到验证。总之，本文提出了一种方法，通过该方法可以比较综合采样器设计对数据质量的影响，这可为采样系统的选择、优化和开发提供参考，以补充现有技术水平。
