Ewing Sarah W Feldstein, Sakhardande Ashok, Blakemore Sarah-Jayne
University of New Mexico, Department of Psychiatry, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
Neuroimage Clin. 2014 Jul 5;5:420-37. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.011. eCollection 2014.
A large proportion of adolescents drink alcohol, with many engaging in high-risk patterns of consumption, including binge drinking. Here, we systematically review and synthesize the existing empirical literature on how consuming alcohol affects the developing human brain in alcohol-using (AU) youth.
For this systematic review, we began by conducting a literature search using the PubMED database to identify all available peer-reviewed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of AU adolescents (aged 19 and under). All studies were screened against a strict set of criteria designed to constrain the impact of confounding factors, such as co-occurring psychiatric conditions.
Twenty-one studies (10 MRI and 11 fMRI) met the criteria for inclusion. A synthesis of the MRI studies suggested that overall, AU youth showed regional differences in brain structure as compared with non-AU youth, with smaller grey matter volumes and lower white matter integrity in relevant brain areas. In terms of fMRI outcomes, despite equivalent task performance between AU and non-AU youth, AU youth showed a broad pattern of lower task-relevant activation, and greater task-irrelevant activation. In addition, a pattern of gender differences was observed for brain structure and function, with particularly striking effects among AU females.
Alcohol consumption during adolescence was associated with significant differences in structure and function in the developing human brain. However, this is a nascent field, with several limiting factors (including small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, presence of confounding factors) within many of the reviewed studies, meaning that results should be interpreted in light of the preliminary state of the field. Future longitudinal and large-scale studies are critical to replicate the existing findings, and to provide a more comprehensive and conclusive picture of the effect of alcohol consumption on the developing brain.
很大一部分青少年饮酒，其中许多人有高风险的饮酒模式，包括暴饮。在此，我们系统回顾并综合了关于饮酒如何影响饮酒（AU）青年发育中的人类大脑的现有实证文献。
对于这项系统评价，我们首先使用PubMed数据库进行文献检索，以识别所有可用的关于AU青少年（19岁及以下）的同行评审磁共振成像（MRI）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究。所有研究均根据一套严格的标准进行筛选，旨在限制混杂因素的影响，如同时存在的精神疾病。
21项研究（10项MRI和11项fMRI）符合纳入标准。MRI研究的综合结果表明，总体而言，与非AU青年相比，AU青年在脑结构上存在区域差异，相关脑区的灰质体积较小，白质完整性较低。就fMRI结果而言，尽管AU青年和非AU青年在任务表现上相当，但AU青年表现出与任务相关的激活普遍较低，而与任务无关的激活较高的模式。此外，在脑结构和功能方面观察到性别差异模式，在AU女性中影响尤为显著。
青春期饮酒与发育中的人类大脑的结构和功能存在显著差异有关。然而，这是一个新兴领域，许多综述研究中存在几个限制因素（包括样本量小、横断面设计、存在混杂因素），这意味着结果应根据该领域的初步状态进行解释。未来的纵向和大规模研究对于复制现有发现以及更全面、确凿地了解饮酒对发育中大脑的影响至关重要。
