De Robertis Edward M, Moriyama Yuki
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Curr Top Dev Biol. 2016;116:231-45. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.10.003. Epub 2016 Jan 7.
The ancestral Chordin/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway that establishes dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning in animal development is one of the best understood morphogenetic gradients, and is established by multiple proteins that interact with each other in the extracellular space-including several BMPs, Chordin, Tolloid, Ont-1, Crossveinless-2, and Sizzled. The D-V gradient is adjusted redundantly by regulating the synthesis of its components, by direct protein-protein interactions between morphogens, and by long-range diffusion. The entire embryo participates in maintaining the D-V BMP gradient, so that for each action in the dorsal side there is a reaction in the ventral side. A gradient of Chordin is formed in the extracellular matrix that separates ectoderm from endomesoderm, called Brachet's cleft in Xenopus. The Chordin/BMP pathway is self-organizing and able to scale pattern in the dorsal half of bisected embryos or in Spemann dorsal lip transplantation experiments.
在动物发育过程中建立背腹（D-V）模式的原始脊索蛋白/骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）信号通路是目前理解最为透彻的形态发生梯度之一，它由多种在细胞外空间相互作用的蛋白质所建立，这些蛋白质包括几种BMP、脊索蛋白、类 tolloid 蛋白、Ont-1、交叉无脉-2和 sizzled 蛋白。通过调节其成分的合成、形态发生素之间直接的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用以及长距离扩散，D-V梯度得到冗余调节。整个胚胎都参与维持D-V BMP梯度，使得背侧的每一个作用在腹侧都有一个反应。在将外胚层与内胚层中胚层分隔开的细胞外基质中形成了一个脊索蛋白梯度，在非洲爪蟾中这个细胞外基质被称为布拉凯特裂隙。脊索蛋白/BMP通路具有自组织能力，并且能够在二分胚胎的背侧半部或施佩曼背唇移植实验中缩放模式。
