Pagano Giovanni, Guida Marco, Siciliano Antonietta, Oral Rahime, Koçbaş Fatma, Palumbo Anna, Castellano Immacolata, Migliaccio Oriana, Thomas Philippe J, Trifuoggi Marco
"Federico II" University of Naples, Environmental Hygiene, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
"Federico II" University of Naples, Environmental Hygiene, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
Environ Res. 2016 May;147:453-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.031. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
Broad-ranging adverse effects are known for rare earth elements (REE), yet only a few studies tested the toxicity of several REE, prompting studies focusing on multi-parameter REE toxicity.
Trichloride salts of Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd were tested in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos and sperm for: (1) developmental defects in either REE-exposed larvae or in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm; (2) fertilization success; (3) mitotic anomalies in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm, and (4) reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels.
REEs affected P. lividus larvae with concentration-related increase in developmental defects, 10(-6) to 10(-4)M, ranking as: Gd(III)>Y(III)>La(III)>Nd(III)≅Eu(III)>Ce(III)≅Sm(III). Nominal concentrations of REE salts were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant increases in MDA levels, ROS formation, and NO levels were found in REE-exposed embryos. Sperm exposure to REEs (10(-5) to 10(-4)M) resulted in concentration-related decrease in fertilization success along with increase in offspring damage. Decreased mitotic activity and increased aberration rates were detected in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm.
REE-associated toxicity affecting embryogenesis, fertilization, cytogenetic and redox endpoints showed different activities of tested REEs. Damage to early life stages, along with redox and cytogenetic anomalies should be the focus of future REE toxicity studies.
稀土元素（REE）具有广泛的不良反应，但仅有少数研究测试了几种稀土元素的毒性，这促使人们开展关注多参数稀土元素毒性的研究。
对钇（Y）、镧（La）、铈（Ce）、钕（Nd）、钐（Sm）、铕（Eu）和钆（Gd）的三氯化物盐在紫海胆胚胎和精子中进行测试，以研究：（1）暴露于稀土元素的幼虫或暴露于稀土元素的精子的后代中的发育缺陷；（2）受精成功率；（3）暴露于稀土元素的胚胎和暴露于稀土元素的精子的后代中的有丝分裂异常，以及（4）活性氧（ROS）形成、丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）水平。
稀土元素影响紫海胆幼虫，发育缺陷随浓度增加，浓度范围为10⁻⁶至10⁻⁴M，毒性排序为：钆（III）>钇（III）>镧（III）>钕（III）≅铕（III）>铈（III）≅钐（III）。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）确认了稀土盐的标称浓度。在暴露于稀土元素的胚胎中发现MDA水平、ROS形成和NO水平显著增加。精子暴露于稀土元素（10⁻⁵至10⁻⁴M）导致受精成功率随浓度增加而降低，同时后代损伤增加。在暴露于稀土元素的胚胎和暴露于稀土元素的精子的后代中检测到有丝分裂活性降低和畸变率增加。
与稀土元素相关的影响胚胎发生、受精、细胞遗传学和氧化还原终点的毒性显示了所测试稀土元素的不同活性。对生命早期阶段的损害以及氧化还原和细胞遗传学异常应成为未来稀土元素毒性研究的重点。
