Federico II Naples University, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Sep;24(25):20803-20810. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9658-1. Epub 2017 Jul 18.
The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) in a number of technological applications raises unanswered questions related to REE-associated adverse effects. We have previously reported on the multiple impact of some REEs on the early life stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The present investigation was to evaluate REE toxicity to early life stages in two unrelated sea urchin species, Sphaerechinus granularis and Arbacia lixula. The comparative toxicities were tested of seven REEs, namely yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium and gadolinium as chloride salts at concentrations ranging from 10 to 10 M. The evaluated endpoints included developmental defects and cytogenetic anomalies in REE-exposed embryos/larvae, and decreased fertilization success and offspring damage following sperm exposure. The results showed different toxicity patterns for individual REEs that varied according to test species and to treatment protocol, thus showing toxicity scaling for the different REEs. Further, the observed effects were compared with those reported for P. lividus either following embryo or sperm exposures. S. granularis showed a significantly higher sensitivity both compared to A. lixula and to P. lividus. This study provides clear-cut evidence for distinct toxicity patterns among a series of REEs. The differences in species sensitivity at micromolar REE levels may warrant investigations on species susceptibility to impacts along polluted coasts.
在许多技术应用中广泛使用稀土元素 (REEs) 引起了与 REE 相关的不良影响相关的未解决的问题。我们之前已经报道了一些 REE 对海胆 Paracentrotus lividus 早期生命阶段的多种影响。本研究旨在评估两种不相关的海胆物种，Sphaerechinus granularis 和 Arbacia lixula 早期生命阶段的 REE 毒性。测试了七种 REE 的比较毒性，即氯化钇、镧、铈、钕、钐、铕和钆，浓度范围为 10 到 10 M。评估的终点包括暴露于 REE 的胚胎/幼虫的发育缺陷和细胞遗传学异常，以及精子暴露后受精成功率降低和后代损伤。结果表明，单个 REE 的毒性模式因测试物种和处理方案而异，因此表现出不同的 REE 毒性缩放。此外，将观察到的效应与 P. lividus 暴露于胚胎或精子后的效应进行了比较。与 A. lixula 和 P. lividus 相比，S. granularis 表现出明显更高的敏感性。本研究为一系列 REE 之间存在明显的毒性模式提供了明确的证据。在微摩尔 REE 水平下，物种敏感性的差异可能需要对受污染沿海地区的物种易感性进行调查。
