Eichele Heike, Eichele Tom, Bjelland Ingvar, Høvik Marie F, Sørensen Lin, van Wageningen Heidi, Worren Marius Kalsås, Hugdahl Kenneth, Plessen Kerstin J
Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway.
Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway; Section for Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University HospitalBergen, Norway.
Front Neurosci. 2016 Mar 1;10:50. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00050. eCollection 2016.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder and its impact on cognitive development needs further study. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies suggests that the decline in tic severity and the ability to suppress tics relate to the development of self-regulatory functions in late childhood and adolescence. Hence, tasks measuring performance monitoring might provide insight into the regulation of tics in children with TS.
Twenty-five children with TS, including 14 with comorbid Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 39 children with ADHD and 35 typically developing children aged 8-12 years were tested with a modified Eriksen-Flanker task during a 34-channel electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Task performance, as well as stimulus-locked and response-locked event-related potentials (ERP) were analyzed and compared across groups.
Participants did not differ in their behavioral performance. Children with TS showed higher amplitudes of an early P3 component of the stimulus-locked ERPs in ensemble averages and in separate trial outcomes, suggesting heightened orienting and/or attention during stimulus evaluation. In response-locked averages, children with TS had a slightly higher positive complex before the motor response, likely also reflecting a late P3. Groups did not differ in post-response components, particularly in the error-related negativity (ERN) and error-related positivity (Pe).
These findings suggest that children with TS may employ additional attentional resources as a compensatory mechanism to maintain equal behavioral performance.
抽动秽语综合征（TS）是一种起病于儿童期的神经发育障碍，其对认知发展的影响有待进一步研究。神经心理学、神经影像学和电生理学研究的证据表明，抽动严重程度的下降以及抑制抽动的能力与儿童晚期和青少年期自我调节功能的发展有关。因此，测量绩效监测的任务可能有助于深入了解TS患儿的抽动调节情况。
对25名TS患儿（其中14名合并注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD））、39名ADHD患儿和35名8至12岁的正常发育儿童在进行34导脑电图（EEG）记录时使用改良的埃里克森侧翼任务进行测试。分析并比较了各组的任务表现以及刺激锁定和反应锁定的事件相关电位（ERP）。
参与者在行为表现上没有差异。TS患儿在刺激锁定ERP的早期P3成分的总体平均值和单独试验结果中显示出更高的波幅，表明在刺激评估过程中定向和/或注意力增强。在反应锁定平均值中，TS患儿在运动反应前有一个略高的正向复合波，可能也反映了晚期P3。各组在反应后成分上没有差异，特别是在错误相关负波（ERN）和错误相关正波（Pe）方面。
这些发现表明，TS患儿可能会利用额外的注意力资源作为一种补偿机制，以保持同等的行为表现。
