Eichele Heike, Eichele Tom, Marquardt Lynn, Adolfsdottir Steinunn, Hugdahl Kenneth, Sørensen Lin, Plessen Kerstin J
Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway.
K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway.
Front Neurosci. 2017 Jun 12;11:305. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00305. eCollection 2017.
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with childhood-onset, with a typical decline in tic severity, as well as an increasing ability to suppress tics in late childhood and adolescence. These processes develop in parallel with general improvement of self-regulatory abilities, and performance monitoring during this age-span. Hence, changes in performance monitoring over time might provide insight into the regulation of tics in children and adolescents with TS. We measured reaction time, reaction time variability, accuracy, and event-related potentials (ERP) in 17 children with TS, including 10 children with comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 24 children with ADHD, and 29 typically developing children, using a modified Eriksen Flanker task in two testing sessions administered on average 4.5 years apart. We then compared task performance, as well as ERP components across groups, and over time using regression models. Task performance improved in all groups with age, and behavioral differences between children with TS and controls diminished at second assessment, while differences between controls and children with ADHD largely persisted. In terms of ERP, the early P3 developed earlier in children with TS compared with controls at the first assessment, but trajectories converged with maturation. ERP component amplitudes correlated with worst-ever tic scores. Merging trajectories between children with TS and controls are consistent with the development of compensatory self-regulation mechanisms during early adolescence, probably facilitating tic suppression, in contrast to children with ADHD. Correlations between ERP amplitudes and tic scores also support this notion.
抽动秽语综合征（TS）是一种起病于儿童期的神经发育障碍，抽动严重程度通常会下降，并且在儿童晚期和青少年期抑制抽动的能力会增强。这些过程与自我调节能力的总体改善以及该年龄段的绩效监测同步发展。因此，随着时间推移绩效监测的变化可能有助于深入了解患有TS的儿童和青少年抽动的调节情况。我们使用改良的埃里克森侧翼任务，在平均相隔4.5年的两次测试中，对17名患有TS的儿童（其中10名患有共病注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD））、24名患有ADHD的儿童以及29名发育正常的儿童进行了反应时间、反应时间变异性、准确性和事件相关电位（ERP）的测量。然后，我们比较了各小组之间的任务表现以及ERP成分，并使用回归模型比较了随时间的变化。所有组的任务表现均随年龄提高，在第二次评估时，患有TS的儿童与对照组之间的行为差异减小，而对照组与患有ADHD的儿童之间的差异基本持续存在。在ERP方面，在第一次评估时，患有TS的儿童的早期P3比对照组发育得更早，但随着成熟，两者的轨迹趋于一致。ERP成分的振幅与既往最严重的抽动评分相关。与患有ADHD的儿童相比，患有TS的儿童与对照组之间合并的轨迹与青春期早期代偿性自我调节机制的发展一致，这可能有助于抽动抑制。ERP振幅与抽动评分之间的相关性也支持这一观点。
