Dealloying-driven nanoporous palladium with superior electrochemical actuation performance.

Metal-hydrogen (in particular, Pd-H) interactions have been receiving considerable attention over the past 150 years within the scope of hydrogen storage, catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen-induced interfacial failure. Here, for the first time, we show that the coupling of hydrogen adsorption and absorption could trigger giant reversible strain in bulk nanoporous Pd (np-Pd) in a weakly adsorbed NaF electrolyte. The bulk np-Pd with a hierarchically porous structure and a ligament/channel size of ∼10 nm was fabricated using a dealloying strategy with compositional/structural design of the precursor. The np-Pd actuator exhibits a giant reversible strain of up to 3.28% (stroke of 137.8 μm), which is a 252% enhancement in comparison to the state-of-the-art value of 1.3% in np-AuPt. The strain rate (∼10(-5) s(-1)) of np-Pd is two orders of magnitude higher than that of current metallic actuators. Moreover, the volume-/mass-specific strain energy density (10.71 MJ m(-3)/3811 J kg(-1)) of np-Pd reaches the highest level compared with that of previously reported actuator materials. The outstanding actuation performance of np-Pd could be attributed to the coupling of hydrogen adsorption/absorption and its unique hierarchically nanoporous structure. Our findings provide valuable information for the design of novel high-performance metallic actuators.