Nikfarjam Ali, Shokoohi Mostafa, Shahesmaeili Armita, Haghdoost Ali Akbar, Baneshi Mohammad Reza, Haji-Maghsoudi Saiedeh, Rastegari Azam, Nasehi Abbas Ali, Memaryan Nadereh, Tarjoman Termeh
Supervisor Research and Development Emergency Medical Center, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran.
Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Int J Drug Policy. 2016 May;31:147-52. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.013. Epub 2016 Feb 13.
For a better understanding of the current situation of drug use in Iran, we utilized the network scale-up approach to estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use in the entire country.
We implemented a self-administered, street-based questionnaire to 7535 passersby from the general public over 18 years of age by street based random walk quota sampling (based on gender, age and socio-economic status) from 31 provinces in Iran. The sample size in each province was approximately 400, ranging from 200 to 1000. In each province 75% of sample was recruited from the capital and the remaining 25% was recruited from one of the large cities of that province through stratified sampling. The questionnaire comprised questions on demographic information as well as questions to measure the total network size of participants as well as the network size in each of seven drug use groups including Opium, Shire (combination of Opium residue and pure opium), Crystal Methamphetamine, heroin/crack (which in Iranian context is a cocaine-free drug that mostly contains heroin, codeine, morphine and caffeine with or without other drugs), Hashish, Methamphetamine/LSD/ecstasy, and injecting drugs. The estimated size for each group was adjusted for transmission and barrier ratios.
The most common type of illicit drug used was opium with the prevalence of 1500 per 100,000 population followed by shire (660), crystal methamphetamine (590), hashish (470), heroin/crack (350), methamphetamine, LSD and ecstasy (300) and injecting drugs (280). All types of substances were more common among men than women. The use of opium, shire and injecting drugs was more common in individuals over 30 whereas the use of stimulants and hashish was largest among individuals between 18 and 30 years of age.
It seems that younger individuals and women are more desired to use new synthetic drugs such as crystal methamphetamine. Extending the preventive programs especially in youth as like as scaling up harm reduction services would be the main priorities in prevention and control of substance use in Iran. Because of poor service coverage and high stigma in women, more targeted programs in this affected population are needed.
为了更好地了解伊朗的吸毒现状，我们采用网络扩大法来估计全国非法药物使用的流行率。
我们通过基于街道的随机游走配额抽样（根据性别、年龄和社会经济地位），对来自伊朗31个省份的7535名18岁以上的普通路人实施了一份自填式的街头问卷。每个省份的样本量约为400，范围从200到1000。在每个省份，75%的样本从省会招募，其余25%通过分层抽样从该省的一个大城市招募。问卷包括关于人口信息的问题，以及用于测量参与者的总网络规模以及七个吸毒群体中每个群体的网络规模的问题，这七个群体包括鸦片、夏尔（鸦片残渣和纯鸦片的混合物）、冰毒、海洛因/快克（在伊朗语境中是一种不含可卡因的药物，主要含有海洛因、可待因、吗啡和咖啡因，有无其他药物不定）、大麻、甲基苯丙胺/麦角酸二乙酰胺/摇头丸，以及注射毒品。对每个群体的估计规模根据传播和屏障比率进行了调整。
最常用的非法药物类型是鸦片，每10万人口中的流行率为1500，其次是夏尔（660）、冰毒（590）、大麻（470）、海洛因/快克（350）、甲基苯丙胺、麦角酸二乙酰胺和摇头丸（300）以及注射毒品（280）。所有类型的毒品在男性中比在女性中更常见。鸦片、夏尔和注射毒品的使用在30岁以上的人群中更常见，而兴奋剂和大麻的使用在18至30岁的人群中最为普遍。
似乎年轻人和女性更倾向于使用新型合成毒品，如冰毒。扩大预防项目，特别是针对年轻人的项目，以及扩大减少伤害服务，将是伊朗预防和控制药物使用的主要优先事项。由于服务覆盖不足以及女性中的高耻辱感，需要针对这一受影响人群制定更有针对性的项目。
