Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016 Aug;30:95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.006. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly complex organ with highly specialized cell subtypes. Viral infections often target specific structures of the brain and replicate in certain regions. Studies in mice deficient in type I Interferon (IFN) receptor or IFN-β have highlighted the importance of the type I IFN system against viral infections and non-viral autoimmune disorders in the CNS. Direct antiviral effects of type I IFNs appear to be crucial in limiting early spread of a number of viruses in CNS tissues. Increased efforts have been made to characterize IFN expression and responses in the brain. In this context, it is important to identify cells that produce IFN, decipher pathways leading to type I IFN expression and to characterize responding cells. In this review we give an overview about region specific aspects that influence local innate immune responses. The route of entry is critical, but also the susceptibility of different cell types, heterogeneity in subpopulations and micro-environmental cues play an important role in antiviral responses. Recent work has outlined the tremendous importance of type I IFNs, particularly in the limitation of viral spread within the CNS. This review will address recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of local type I IFN production and response, in the particular context of the CNS.
中枢神经系统（CNS）是一个高度复杂的器官，具有高度专业化的细胞亚型。病毒感染通常针对大脑的特定结构，并在特定区域复制。在缺乏 I 型干扰素（IFN）受体或 IFN-β的小鼠中的研究强调了 I 型 IFN 系统对 CNS 中病毒感染和非病毒自身免疫疾病的重要性。I 型 IFN 的直接抗病毒作用似乎对于限制 CNS 组织中多种病毒的早期传播至关重要。人们已经做出了更多的努力来描述大脑中的 IFN 表达和反应。在这种情况下，确定产生 IFN 的细胞、解析导致 I 型 IFN 表达的途径以及表征反应细胞非常重要。在这篇综述中，我们概述了影响局部先天免疫反应的区域特异性方面。进入途径是关键，但不同细胞类型的易感性、亚群的异质性和微环境线索在抗病毒反应中也起着重要作用。最近的工作概述了 I 型 IFN 的巨大重要性，特别是在限制 CNS 内病毒传播方面。这篇综述将讨论在 CNS 的特定背景下，理解局部 I 型 IFN 产生和反应机制的最新进展。
