Hwang Mihyun, Bergmann Cornelia C
Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Viral Immunol. 2019 Jan/Feb;32(1):1-6. doi: 10.1089/vim.2018.0101. Epub 2018 Sep 15.
A variety of viruses can induce central nervous system (CNS) infections and neurological diseases, although the incidence is rare. Similar to peripheral infections, IFNα/β induction and signaling constitutes a first line of defense to limit virus dissemination. However, CNS-resident cells differ widely in their repertoire and magnitude of both basal and inducible components in the IFNα/β pathway. While microglia as resident myeloid cells have been implicated as prominent sentinels of CNS invading pathogens or insults, astrocytes are emerging as key responders to many neurotropic RNA virus infections. Focusing on RNA viruses, this review discusses the role of astrocytes as IFNα/β inducers and responders and touches on the role of IFNα/β receptor signaling in regulating myeloid cell activation and IFNγ responsiveness. A summary picture emerges implicating IFNα/β not only as key in establishing the classical "antiviral" state, but also orchestrating cell mobility and IFNγ-mediated effector functions.
多种病毒可引发中枢神经系统（CNS）感染和神经疾病，尽管发病率很低。与外周感染类似，IFNα/β的诱导和信号传导构成了限制病毒传播的第一道防线。然而，中枢神经系统驻留细胞在IFNα/β途径中基础成分和诱导成分的种类及数量上差异很大。虽然作为驻留髓样细胞的小胶质细胞被认为是中枢神经系统入侵病原体或损伤的重要哨兵，但星形胶质细胞正成为许多嗜神经RNA病毒感染的关键反应者。本文聚焦于RNA病毒，讨论了星形胶质细胞作为IFNα/β诱导者和反应者的作用，并探讨了IFNα/β受体信号传导在调节髓样细胞活化和IFNγ反应性方面的作用。由此得出的一个总体情况表明，IFNα/β不仅是建立经典“抗病毒”状态的关键因素，还在协调细胞迁移和IFNγ介导的效应功能方面发挥作用。
