Hogervorst Tom, Vereecke Evie E
Haga Hospital, Sportlaan 600, 2566MJ The Hague, Netherlands and Department of Development & Regeneration @ Kulak, KU Leuven, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
J Hip Preserv Surg. 2014 Oct 28;1(2):39-45. doi: 10.1093/jhps/hnu013. eCollection 2014 Oct.
Extensive osseous adaptations of the lumbar spine, pelvis, hip and femur characterize the emergence of the human bipedal gait with its 'double extension' of the lumbar spine and hip. To accommodate lumbar lordosis, the pelvis was 'compacted', becoming wider and shorter, as compared with the non-human apes. The hip joint acquired a much more extended position, which can be seen in a broader evolutionary context of verticalization of limbs. When loaded in a predominantly vertical position, the femur can be built lighter and longer than when it is loaded more horizontally because bending moments are smaller. Extension of the hip joint together with elongation of the femur increases effective leg length, and hence stride length, which improves energy efficiency. At the hip joint itself, the shift of the hip's default working range to a more extended position influences concavity at the head-neck junction and femoral neck anteversion.
腰椎、骨盆、髋关节和股骨广泛的骨质适应性变化是人类双足步态出现的特征，其伴随着腰椎和髋关节的“双重伸展”。为适应腰椎前凸，与非人类猿类相比，骨盆变得“紧凑”，更宽更短。髋关节获得了更为伸展的位置，这在四肢垂直化的更广泛进化背景中可见。当主要在垂直位置负重时，与更多水平负重时相比，股骨可以构建得更轻更长，因为弯矩更小。髋关节的伸展与股骨的延长增加了有效腿长，进而增加步幅，提高了能量效率。在髋关节本身，髋关节默认工作范围向更伸展位置的转变影响了头颈交界处的凹陷和股骨颈前倾角。
