Shah Rima B, Patel Manhar, Maahs David M, Shah Viral N
Department of Pharmacology, GMERS Medial College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
Brain Research and Intervention Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA.
Int J Pharm Investig. 2016 Jan-Mar;6(1):1-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-973X.176456.
Many patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all patients with T1DM require insulin to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. The most common route of insulin administration is subcutaneous insulin injections. There are many ways to deliver insulin subcutaneously such as vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. Though subcutaneous insulin delivery is the standard route of insulin administration, it is associated with injection pain, needle phobia, lipodystrophy, noncompliance and peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, the need exists for delivering insulin in a minimally invasive or noninvasive and in most physiological way. Inhaled insulin was the first approved noninvasive and alternative way to deliver insulin, but it has been withdrawn from the market. Technologies are being explored to make the noninvasive delivery of insulin possible. Some of the routes of insulin administration that are under investigation are oral, buccal, nasal, peritoneal and transdermal. This review article focuses on the past, present and future of various insulin delivery techniques. This article has focused on different possible routes of insulin administration with its advantages and limitation and possible scope for the new drug development.
许多晚期2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者以及所有1型糖尿病患者都需要胰岛素来将血糖水平维持在目标范围内。胰岛素给药的最常见途径是皮下注射胰岛素。皮下注射胰岛素有多种方式，如使用小瓶和注射器、胰岛素笔以及胰岛素泵。尽管皮下胰岛素给药是胰岛素给药的标准途径，但它会带来注射疼痛、针头恐惧症、脂肪营养不良、治疗依从性差以及外周高胰岛素血症等问题。因此，需要以微创或无创且最接近生理状态的方式来输送胰岛素。吸入式胰岛素是首个获批的无创且替代胰岛素给药的方式，但它已退出市场。目前正在探索使胰岛素无创给药成为可能的技术。一些正在研究的胰岛素给药途径包括口服、颊部、鼻腔、腹膜和经皮给药。这篇综述文章聚焦于各种胰岛素给药技术的过去、现在和未来。本文重点介绍了不同的胰岛素给药可能途径及其优缺点，以及新药开发的可能方向。
