Lanska Douglas J
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Great Lakes VA Healthcare System, Tomah, Wis., USA.
Front Neurol Neurosci. 2016;38:68-76. doi: 10.1159/000442570. Epub 2016 Apr 1.
As a result of the wartime urgency to understand, prevent, and treat patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during World War II (WWII), clinicians and basic scientists in Great Britain collaborated on research projects that included accident investigations, epidemiologic studies, and development of animal and physical models. Very quickly, investigators from different disciplines shared information and ideas that not only led to new insights into the mechanisms of TBI but also provided very practical approaches for preventing or ameliorating at least some forms of TBI. Neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns (1896-1952) conducted a series of influential studies on the prevention and treatment of head injuries that led to recognition of a high rate of fatal TBI among motorcycle riders and subsequently to demonstrations of the utility of helmets in lowering head injury incidence and case fatality. Neurologists Derek Denny-Brown (1901-1981) and (William) Ritchie Russell (1903-1980) developed an animal model of TBI that demonstrated the fundamental importance of sudden acceleration (i.e., jerking) of the head in causing concussion and forced a distinction between head injury associated with sudden acceleration/deceleration and that associated with crush or compression. Physicist A.H.S. Holbourn (1907-1962) used theoretical arguments and simple physical models to illustrate the importance of shear stress in TBI. The work of these British neurological clinicians and scientists during WWII had a strong influence on subsequent clinical and experimental studies of TBI and also eventually resulted in effective (albeit controversial) public health campaigns and legislation in several countries to prevent head injuries among motorcycle riders and others through the use of protective helmets. Collectively, these studies accelerated our understanding of TBI and had subsequent important implications for both military and civilian populations. As a result of the wartime urgency to understand, prevent, and treat patients with TBI during WWII, clinicians and basic scientists collaborated on research projects that none of them would likely have pursued without these unique circumstances. Very quickly, there was a sharing of information and ideas that not only led to new insights into the mechanisms of TBI but also provided very practical approaches for preventing or ameliorating at least some forms of TBI. Investigators in Great Britain, in particular, pioneered accident investigations, performed epidemiologic studies, and developed animal and physical models that accelerated our understanding of TBI and had subsequent important implications for both military and civilian populations.
由于二战期间对理解、预防和治疗创伤性脑损伤（TBI）患者存在战时紧迫性，英国的临床医生和基础科学家合作开展了研究项目，包括事故调查、流行病学研究以及动物和物理模型的开发。很快，来自不同学科的研究人员分享了信息和想法，这不仅带来了对TBI机制的新见解，还提供了非常实用的方法来预防或改善至少某些形式的TBI。神经外科医生休·凯恩斯（1896 - 1952）进行了一系列关于头部损伤预防和治疗的有影响力的研究，这些研究使人们认识到摩托车骑手致命TBI的高发生率，随后证明了头盔在降低头部损伤发生率和病死率方面的效用。神经学家德里克·丹尼 - 布朗（1901 - 1981）和（威廉）里奇·拉塞尔（1903 - 1980）开发了一种TBI动物模型，该模型证明了头部突然加速（即猛拉）在导致脑震荡方面的根本重要性，并促使人们区分与突然加速/减速相关的头部损伤和与挤压或压迫相关的头部损伤。物理学家A.H.S.霍尔本（1907 - 1962）运用理论论证和简单的物理模型来说明剪切应力在TBI中的重要性。二战期间这些英国神经临床医生和科学家的工作对随后的TBI临床和实验研究产生了重大影响，最终还在几个国家促成了有效的（尽管存在争议）公共卫生运动和立法，以通过使用防护头盔预防摩托车骑手及其他人的头部损伤。总体而言，这些研究加速了我们对TBI的理解，对军事和 civilian 人群都产生了重要的后续影响。由于二战期间对理解、预防和治疗TBI患者存在战时紧迫性，临床医生和基础科学家合作开展了研究项目，如果没有这些特殊情况，他们中可能没有人会去从事这些项目。很快，就有了信息和想法的共享，这不仅带来了对TBI机制的新见解，还提供了非常实用的方法来预防或改善至少某些形式的TBI。特别是英国的研究人员开创了事故调查，进行了流行病学研究，并开发了动物和物理模型，这些加速了我们对TBI的理解，对军事和 civilian 人群都产生了重要的后续影响。
