Kobayashi Erika, Fukaya Taro, Harada Ken, Murayama Yoh, Takahashi Tomoya, Fujiwara Yoshinori
Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology.
Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2016;63(3):101-12. doi: 10.11236/jph.63.3_101.
Isolation and anxiety among child-rearing mothers in Japan are a current social problem. Involving diverse people in the community is recognized as an important factor in successful child rearing. This study aimed to develop a scale to measure supportive behavior for child rearing among older adults in the community and examine its reliability and validity.
Items were selected to measure supportive behaviors for child rearing in the community in accordance with constructs introduced via literature reviews and a preliminary investigation. Participants were asked to evaluate the frequency of each behavior on a four-point scale in a mail-based survey. Of a random sample of 1,500 individuals aged 60-69, living in the Tokyo metropolitan area, 813 (54%) responded. Construct validity and reliability of the scale were examined by a confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's reliability coefficient. The validity was also examined by clarifying whether the assumed positive associations between the scale and the following variables were observed: frequency of contact with community residents; the generativity scale, which measured concern for the next generation; and experience of child rearing measured by number of own children and level of support for grandchildren. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed for the analysis of the results.
The literature review and preliminary investigation revealed three constructs of supportive behaviors: "children's security and sound growth," "instrumental support to parents," and "emotional support to parents." A second-order factor analysis that modeled "child-rearing support in the community" as a higher-order factor above these three factors showed a good model fit when one item was deleted. The reliability coefficient was high enough (alpha=0.87) with the remaining seven items. As expected, the total score positively and significantly correlated with the frequency of contact with residents, especially with the younger generation, including children and their parents; generativity score; number of children; and care for grandchildren. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the measured child-rearing support in the community was largely explained by the frequency of contact with the younger generation. However, being female, taking care of grandchildren, and a higher generativity correlated with a higher child-rearing support score even after controlling for the frequency of contact.
Reliability and validity of the community child-rearing support scale, consisting of seven items, were confirmed. Further studies are required to show applicability of the scale to diverse communities and age groups, and investigate the effects of the measured supportive behaviors on the child-rearing generation.
在日本，育儿母亲中的孤立和焦虑是当前的一个社会问题。让社区中的不同人群参与进来被认为是成功育儿的一个重要因素。本研究旨在开发一个量表来衡量社区中老年人对育儿的支持行为，并检验其信效度。
根据文献综述和初步调查引入的结构，选择项目来衡量社区中对育儿的支持行为。在一项基于邮件的调查中，要求参与者用四点量表评估每种行为的频率。从居住在东京都市区的1500名60 - 69岁的个体中随机抽取样本，813人（54%）做出了回应。通过验证性因素分析和克朗巴赫信度系数来检验该量表的结构效度和信度。还通过阐明是否观察到该量表与以下变量之间假定的正相关关系来检验效度：与社区居民的接触频率；衡量对下一代关心程度的繁衍量表；以及用自己孩子的数量和对孙辈的支持程度来衡量的育儿经历。对结果进行分析时进行了皮尔逊相关分析和多元回归分析。
文献综述和初步调查揭示了支持行为的三个结构：“孩子的安全与健康成长”、“对父母的工具性支持”和“对父母的情感支持”。将“社区育儿支持”建模为高于这三个因素的高阶因素的二阶因素分析表明，删除一个项目后模型拟合良好。其余七个项目的信度系数足够高（α = 0.87）。正如预期的那样得分与与居民的接触频率呈显著正相关，特别是与年轻一代，包括孩子及其父母的接触频率；繁衍得分；孩子数量；以及对孙辈的照顾。多元回归分析表明，社区中衡量的育儿支持很大程度上可以由与年轻一代的接触频率来解释。然而，即使在控制了接触频率之后，女性、照顾孙辈以及较高的繁衍程度与较高的育儿支持得分相关。
由七个项目组成的社区育儿支持量表的信效度得到了证实。需要进一步的研究来表明该量表在不同社区和年龄组中的适用性，并调查所衡量的支持行为对育儿一代的影响。
