a Department of Biotechnology , Jaypee Institute of Information Technology , Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India.
b Nano-Food Research Group , Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Jan 22;58(2):297-317. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160363. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
Nanotechnology has seen exponential growth in last decade due to its unique physicochemical properties; however, the risk associated with this emerging technology has withdrawn ample attention in the past decade. Nanotoxicity is majorly contributed to the small size and large surface area of nanomaterials, which allow easy dispersion and invasion of anatomical barriers in human body. Unique physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles make the investigation of their toxic consequences intricate and challenging. This makes it important to have an in-depth knowledge of different mechanisms involved in nanomaterials's action and toxicity. Nano-toxicity has various effects on human health and diseases as they can easily enter into the humans via different routes, mainly respiratory, dermal, and gastrointestinal routes. This also limits the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. This review focuses on the nanomaterial-cell interactions leading to toxicological responses. Different mechanisms involved in nanoparticle-mediated toxicity with the main focus on oxidative stress, genotoxic, and carcinogenic potential has also been discussed. Different methods and techniques used for the characterization of nanomaterials in food and other biological matrices have also been discussed in detail. Nano-toxicity on different organs-with the major focus on the cardiac and respiratory system-have been discussed. Conclusively, the risk management of nanotoxicity is also summarized. This review provides a better understanding of the current scenario of the nanotoxicology, disease progression due to nanomaterials, and their use in the food industry and medical therapeutics. Briefly, the required rules, regulations, and the need of policy makers has been discussed critically.
由于其独特的物理化学特性，纳米技术在过去十年中经历了指数级的增长；然而，与这项新兴技术相关的风险在过去十年中引起了足够的关注。纳米毒性主要归因于纳米材料的小尺寸和大表面积，这使得它们容易在人体中分散和侵入解剖屏障。纳米颗粒独特的物理化学性质使得研究其毒性后果变得复杂和具有挑战性。因此，深入了解纳米材料作用和毒性涉及的不同机制非常重要。纳米毒性对人类健康和疾病有各种影响，因为它们可以通过不同的途径（主要是呼吸道、皮肤和胃肠道途径）很容易进入人体。这也限制了纳米材料作为治疗和诊断工具的应用。
本综述重点介绍了导致毒理学反应的纳米材料-细胞相互作用。还讨论了纳米颗粒介导的毒性涉及的不同机制，主要关注氧化应激、遗传毒性和致癌潜力。还详细讨论了用于食品和其他生物基质中纳米材料表征的不同方法和技术。还讨论了纳米毒性对不同器官的影响-主要关注心脏和呼吸系统。总之，还总结了纳米毒性的风险管理。
本综述提供了对纳米毒理学当前情况、纳米材料引起的疾病进展以及它们在食品工业和医学治疗中的应用的更好理解。简要讨论了所需的规则、法规以及政策制定者的需求。
