Improving Taxane-Based Chemotherapy in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Currently, the clinical utility of taxane-based drug formulations in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is severely limited by acquired chemotherapy resistance, dose-limiting toxicities, and nonresponders. Therefore, approaches to improve taxane-based chemotherapy are desperately required. In this review, we highlight the strategies that aim to overcome these limitations, such as bypassing therapy resistance, targeted drug delivery, and adequate prediction of therapy response. The involvement of the apoptotic pathway, ABC transporters, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) axis, androgen receptor (AR) splicing, epithelial plasticity, and cancer stem cells in mediating taxane-resistance are outlined. Furthermore, passive and active targeted nanomedicinal drug delivery strategies and the use of circulating tumor cells in predicting docetaxel responses are discussed. Finally, recent advances towards clinical translation of these approaches in CRPC are reviewed.