Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
Biotechnol Adv. 2016 Sep-Oct;34(5):790-802. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.003. Epub 2016 Apr 9.
Biological wastewater treatment processes are based on the exploitation of the concerted activity of microorganisms. Knowledge on the microbial community structure and the links to the changing environmental conditions is therefore crucial for the development and optimization of biological systems by engineers. The advent of molecular techniques occurred in the last decades quickly showed the inadequacy of culture-dependent methodologies to unveil the great level of diversity present in sludge samples. Initially, culture-independent technologies and more recently the application of -omics in wastewater microbiology, have drawn a new view of microbial diversity and function of wastewater treatment systems. This article reviews the current knowledge on the topic placing emphasis on crucial microbial processes carried out in biological wastewater treatment systems driven by specific groups of microbes, such as nitrogen and phosphorus removal bacteria, filamentous and electrogenic microorganisms, as well as Archaea. Despite the recent -omics has offered substantial insights into the diversity and ecophysiology of these bacteria never envisioned before by providing millions of sequence reads at an unprecedented scale, studies based on high-throughput sequencing are still scarce. In order to obtain significant gains in the analysis of structure-function relationships, a greater sequencing investment is needed, particularly to uncover gene expression patterns of functionally relevant genes.
生物污水处理工艺基于微生物协同活动的开发。因此，了解微生物群落结构及其与不断变化的环境条件之间的联系，对于工程师开发和优化生物系统至关重要。在过去几十年中，分子技术的出现迅速表明，依赖于培养的方法不足以揭示污泥样品中存在的巨大多样性水平。最初，非培养技术，以及最近在废水微生物学中应用的组学，为废水处理系统的微生物多样性和功能描绘了一个新的视角。本文综述了这一主题的现有知识，重点介绍了由特定微生物群（如氮磷去除菌、丝状菌和产电菌以及古菌）驱动的生物污水处理系统中进行的关键微生物过程。尽管最近的组学技术通过以前所未有的规模提供了数百万条序列读数，为这些细菌的多样性和生态生理学提供了实质性的见解，但基于高通量测序的研究仍然很少。为了在结构-功能关系的分析中取得显著进展，需要进行更大的测序投资，特别是要揭示与功能相关基因的基因表达模式。
