Muteshi Jacinta K, Miller Suellen, Belizán José M
Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya.
Department Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences, Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Reprod Health. 2016 Apr 18;13:44. doi: 10.1186/s12978-016-0159-3.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) comprises different practices involving cutting, pricking, removing and sometimes sewing up external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. The practice of FGM/C is highly concentrated in a band of African countries from the Atlantic coast to the Horn of Africa, in areas of the Middle East such as Iraq and Yemen, and in some countries in Asia like Indonesia. Girls exposed to FGM/C are at risk of immediate physical consequences such as severe pain, bleeding, and shock, difficulty in passing urine and faeces, and sepsis. Long-term consequences can include chronic pain and infections. FGM/C is a deeply entrenched social norm, perpetrated by families for a variety of reasons, but the results are harmful. FGM/C is a human rights issue that affects girls and women worldwide. The practice is decreasing, due to intensive advocacy activities of international, national, and grassroots agencies. An adolescent girl today is about a third less likely to be cut than 30 years ago. However, the rates of abandonment are not high enough, and change is not happening as rapidly as necessary. Multiple interventions have been implemented, but the evidence base on what works is lacking. We in reproductive health must work harder to find strategies to help communities and families abandon these harmful practices.
女性生殖器切割包括出于非医学原因对女性外生殖器进行切割、穿刺、切除，有时还包括缝合等不同做法。女性生殖器切割行为高度集中在从大西洋沿岸到非洲之角的一带非洲国家、伊拉克和也门等中东地区以及印度尼西亚等亚洲一些国家。接受女性生殖器切割的女孩面临着直接的身体后果风险，如剧痛、出血、休克、排尿和排便困难以及败血症。长期后果可能包括慢性疼痛和感染。女性生殖器切割是一种根深蒂固的社会规范，家庭出于各种原因实施这种行为，但结果是有害的。女性生殖器切割是一个影响全球女孩和妇女的人权问题。由于国际、国家和基层机构的大力宣传活动，这种做法正在减少。如今的少女接受切割的可能性比30年前大约低三分之一。然而，放弃这种做法的比例还不够高，变化也没有达到必要的速度。已经实施了多种干预措施，但缺乏关于哪些措施有效的证据基础。我们生殖健康领域的人必须更加努力地寻找策略，以帮助社区和家庭摒弃这些有害做法。
