Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2016 May 17;50(10):5077-85. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00876. Epub 2016 May 5.
Many of the devastating pandemics and outbreaks of the 20th and 21st centuries have involved enveloped viruses, including influenza, HIV, SARS, MERS, and Ebola. However, little is known about the presence and fate of enveloped viruses in municipal wastewater. Here, we compared the survival and partitioning behavior of two model enveloped viruses (MHV and ϕ6) and two nonenveloped bacteriophages (MS2 and T3) in raw wastewater samples. We showed that MHV and ϕ6 remained infective on the time scale of days. Up to 26% of the two enveloped viruses adsorbed to the solid fraction of wastewater compared to 6% of the two nonenveloped viruses. Based on this partitioning behavior, we assessed and optimized methods for recovering enveloped viruses from wastewater. Our optimized ultrafiltration method resulted in mean recoveries (±SD) of 25.1% (±3.6%) and 18.2% (±9.5%) for the enveloped MHV and ϕ6, respectively, and mean recoveries of 55.6% (±16.7%) and 85.5% (±24.5%) for the nonenveloped MS2 and T3, respectively. A maximum of 3.7% of MHV and 2% of MS2 could be recovered from the solids. These results shed light on the environmental fate of an important group of viruses and the presented methods will enable future research on enveloped viruses in water environments.
许多 20 世纪和 21 世纪的破坏性大流行和疫情都涉及包膜病毒，包括流感、HIV、SARS、MERS 和埃博拉病毒。然而，对于包膜病毒在城市废水中的存在和命运却知之甚少。在这里，我们比较了两种模式包膜病毒（MHV 和 ϕ6）和两种非包膜噬菌体（MS2 和 T3）在原废水样本中的存活和分配行为。我们表明，MHV 和 ϕ6 在数天的时间内仍然具有感染力。与两种非包膜病毒相比，多达 26%的两种包膜病毒吸附到废水中的固体部分。基于这种分配行为，我们评估并优化了从废水中回收包膜病毒的方法。我们优化的超滤方法分别导致包膜 MHV 和 ϕ6 的平均回收率（±SD）为 25.1%（±3.6%）和 18.2%（±9.5%），非包膜 MS2 和 T3 的平均回收率分别为 55.6%（±16.7%）和 85.5%（±24.5%）。从固体中最多可以回收 3.7%的 MHV 和 2%的 MS2。这些结果揭示了一类重要病毒的环境命运，并且提出的方法将能够为水环境中包膜病毒的未来研究提供支持。
