Benarroch Eduardo E
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;133:17-38. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63432-0.00002-5.
Ion channels and receptors are the fundamental basis for neuronal communication in the nervous system and are important targets of autoimmunity. The different neuronal domains contain a unique repertoire of voltage-gated Na(+) (Nav), Ca(2+) (Cav), and K(+) (Kv), as well as other K(+) channels and hyperpolarization-gated cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels. The distinct ion channel distribution defines the electrophysiologic properties of different subtypes of neurons. The different neuronal compartments also express neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors, as well as G protein-coupled receptors. Of particular relevance in the central nervous system are excitatory glutamate receptors and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors. The interactions among different ion channels and receptors regulate neuronal excitability; frequency and pattern of firing of action potentials (AP); propagation of the AP along the axon; neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals; AP backpropagation from the axon initial segment to the somatodendritic domain; dendritic integration of synaptic signals; and use-dependent plasticity.
离子通道和受体是神经系统中神经元通讯的基本基础，也是自身免疫的重要靶点。不同的神经元区域包含独特的电压门控钠（Nav）、钙（Cav）和钾（Kv）通道，以及其他钾通道和超极化门控环核苷酸调节通道。独特的离子通道分布决定了不同亚型神经元的电生理特性。不同的神经元区室还表达神经递质门控离子通道或离子otropic受体，以及G蛋白偶联受体。在中枢神经系统中特别相关的是兴奋性谷氨酸受体和抑制性γ-氨基丁酸及甘氨酸受体。不同离子通道和受体之间的相互作用调节神经元兴奋性；动作电位（AP）的发放频率和模式；AP沿轴突的传播；突触末端神经递质的释放；AP从轴突起始段向树突棘域的逆向传播；突触信号的树突整合；以及使用依赖性可塑性。
