氟化物：使用情况及其对健康影响的综述
FLUORIDE: A REVIEW OF USE AND EFFECTS ON HEALTH.
作者信息
Kanduti Domen, Sterbenk Petra, Artnik Barbara
机构信息
Chair of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
出版信息
Mater Sociomed. 2016 Apr;28(2):133-7. doi: 10.5455/msm.2016.28.133-137. Epub 2016 Mar 25.
INTRODUCTION
Appropriate oral health care is fundamental for any individual's health. Dental caries is still one of the major public health problems. The most effective way of caries prevention is the use of fluoride.
AIM
The aim of our research was to review the literature about fluoride toxicity and to inform physicians, dentists and public health specialists whether fluoride use is expedient and safe.
METHODS
Data we used in our review were systematically searched and collected from web pages and documents published from different international institutions.
RESULTS
Fluoride occurs naturally in our environment but we consume it in small amounts. Exposure can occur through dietary intake, respiration and fluoride supplements. The most important factor for fluoride presence in alimentation is fluoridated water. Methods, which led to greater fluoride exposure and lowered caries prevalence, are considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments in the 20th century`s public dental health. During pregnancy, the placenta acts as a barrier. The fluoride, therefore, crosses the placenta in low concentrations. Fluoride can be transmitted through the plasma into the mother's milk; however, the concentration is low. The most important action of fluoride is topical, when it is present in the saliva in the appropriate concentration. The most important effect of fluoride on caries incidence is through its role in the process of remineralization and demineralization of tooth enamel. Acute toxicity can occur after ingesting one or more doses of fluoride over a short time period which then leads to poisoning. Today, poisoning is mainly due to unsupervised ingestion of products for dental and oral hygiene and over-fluoridated water.
CONCLUSION
Even though fluoride can be toxic in extremely high concentrations, it`s topical use is safe. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) recommends a preventive topical use of fluoride supplements because of their cariostatic effect.
引言
适当的口腔保健是每个人健康的基础。龋齿仍然是主要的公共卫生问题之一。预防龋齿最有效的方法是使用氟化物。
目的
我们研究的目的是回顾有关氟化物毒性的文献，并告知医生、牙医和公共卫生专家使用氟化物是否得当和安全。
方法
我们在综述中使用的数据是从不同国际机构发布的网页和文件中系统搜索和收集的。
结果
氟化物在我们的环境中天然存在，但我们摄入的量很少。接触途径包括饮食摄入、呼吸和氟化物补充剂。饮食中氟化物存在的最重要因素是加氟水。导致氟化物接触增加和龋齿患病率降低的方法被认为是20世纪公共口腔卫生领域最伟大的成就之一。在怀孕期间，胎盘起到屏障作用。因此，氟化物以低浓度穿过胎盘。氟化物可通过血浆进入母乳；然而，浓度很低。当氟化物以适当浓度存在于唾液中时，其最重要的作用是局部作用。氟化物对龋齿发病率的最重要影响是通过其在牙釉质再矿化和脱矿化过程中的作用。短时间内摄入一剂或多剂氟化物后可能会发生急性毒性，进而导致中毒。如今，中毒主要是由于无监督地摄入口腔卫生用品和含氟量过高的水。
结论
尽管氟化物在极高浓度下可能有毒，但其局部使用是安全的。欧洲儿童牙科学会（EAPD）建议预防性局部使用氟化物补充剂，因为它们具有防龋作用。
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