Mager Lukas F, Wasmer Marie-Hélène, Rau Tilman T, Krebs Philippe
Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.
Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Front Oncol. 2016 Apr 19;6:96. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00096. eCollection 2016.
The emergence of novel immunomodulatory cancer therapies over the last decade, above all immune checkpoint blockade, has significantly advanced tumor treatment. For colorectal cancer (CRC), a novel scoring system based on the immune cell infiltration in tumors has greatly improved disease prognostic evaluation and guidance to more specific therapy. These findings underline the relevance of tumor immunology in the future handling and therapeutic approach of malignant disease. Inflammation can either promote or suppress CRC pathogenesis and inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines, critically determine the pro- or anti-tumorigenic signals within the tumor environment. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cytokines known to be critically involved in CRC development and illustrate their mechanisms of action. We also highlight similarities and differences between CRC patients and murine models of CRC and point out cytokines with an ambivalent role for intestinal cancer. We also identify some of the future challenges in the field that should be addressed for the development of more effective immunomodulatory therapies.
在过去十年中，新型免疫调节癌症疗法的出现，尤其是免疫检查点阻断疗法，显著推动了肿瘤治疗的发展。对于结直肠癌（CRC），一种基于肿瘤中免疫细胞浸润的新型评分系统极大地改善了疾病预后评估，并为更具针对性的治疗提供了指导。这些发现凸显了肿瘤免疫学在未来恶性疾病治疗和处理方法中的重要性。炎症既可以促进也可以抑制CRC的发病机制，而炎症介质，主要是细胞因子，在肿瘤环境中起着决定性的促肿瘤或抗肿瘤信号作用。在此，我们综述了目前已知的与CRC发生密切相关的细胞因子的知识，并阐述了它们的作用机制。我们还强调了CRC患者与CRC小鼠模型之间的异同，并指出了在肠道癌症中具有矛盾作用的细胞因子。我们还确定了该领域未来在开发更有效的免疫调节疗法方面应解决的一些挑战。
