Larter N C, Macdonald C R, Elkin B T, Wang X, Harms N J, Gamberg M, Muir D C G
Environment & Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, PO Box 240, Fort Simpson, NT, Canada X0E 0N0.
Northern Environmental Consulting & Analysis, PO Box 374, Pinawa, MB, Canada R0E 1L0.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Oct;132:9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.018. Epub 2016 May 27.
Tissue samples from four ungulate species from the south Mackenzie Mountain region of the Northwest Territories (NT), Canada, were analysed for stable and radioactive elements and (15)N and (13)C stable isotopes. Elevated Cd concentrations in moose (Alces americanus) kidney have been observed in the region and are a health care concern for consumers of traditional foods. This study examined the factors associated with, and potential renal effects from, the accumulation of cadmium, and interactions with other elements in four sympatric ungulate species. Mean renal Cd concentration was highest in moose (48.3mg/kg ww), followed by mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) (13.9mg/kg ww) and mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) (5.78mg/kg ww). No local sources of Cd were evident and the elevated levels in moose are considered to be natural in origin. Conversely, total Hg concentration was significantly higher in mountain caribou kidney (0.21mg/kg ww) than in moose (0.011mg/kg ww). (134)Cs (t½=2.1 y) in mountain goat and Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli) muscle is evidence of deposition from the Fukushima reactor accident in 2011. (137)Cs (t½=30.2 y) in all four ungulates is primarily a remnant of the nuclear weapons tests of the 1960s. The levels of both nuclides are low and the risk to the animals and people consuming them is negligible. Stable isotope δ(15)N and δ(13)C signatures in muscle showed a separation between the mountain caribou, with a lichen-dominated diet, and moose, which browse shrubs and forbs. Isotope signatures for mountain goat and Dall's sheep showed generalist feeding patterns. Differences in elemental and radionuclide levels between species were attributed to relative levels of metal accumulation in the different food items in the diets of the respective species. Kidneys from each species showed minor histological changes in the proximal tubule and glomerulus, although glomerular changes were rare and all changes were rare in mountain goat kidney. Kidney function was not expected to be affected in any species. Provisional Monthly Intake recommendations from the WHO indicate that Cd in moose organs will continue to be a public health care concern. However, traditional foods continue to be an important nutritional component of northern diets, particularly in consideration of the shift towards store-bought food.
对来自加拿大西北地区（NT）麦肯齐山脉南部地区的四种有蹄类动物的组织样本进行了稳定元素、放射性元素以及氮-15和碳-13稳定同位素分析。该地区已观察到驼鹿（美洲驼鹿）肾脏中的镉浓度升高，这对传统食物消费者的健康构成了担忧。本研究调查了与镉积累相关的因素及其对肾脏的潜在影响，以及四种同域有蹄类动物中镉与其他元素的相互作用。肾脏镉平均浓度最高的是驼鹿（48.3毫克/千克湿重），其次是山地驯鹿（北美林地驯鹿）（13.9毫克/千克湿重）和山羊（北美野山羊）（5.78毫克/千克湿重）。未发现明显的镉本地来源，驼鹿体内镉水平升高被认为是自然形成的。相反，山地驯鹿肾脏中的总汞浓度（0.21毫克/千克湿重）显著高于驼鹿（0.011毫克/千克湿重）。北美野山羊和多尔大角羊（白大角羊）肌肉中的铯-134（半衰期=2.1年）是2011年福岛核反应堆事故沉降的证据。所有四种有蹄类动物体内的铯-137（半衰期=30.2年）主要是20世纪60年代核武器试验的残留。这两种核素的含量都很低，对动物及其食用者的风险可忽略不计。肌肉中的稳定同位素δ(15)N和δ(13)C特征显示，以地衣为主食的山地驯鹿与以灌木和草本植物为食的驼鹿之间存在差异。北美野山羊和多尔大角羊的同位素特征显示出多样化的觅食模式。物种之间元素和放射性核素水平的差异归因于各自物种饮食中不同食物中金属积累的相对水平。每个物种的肾脏在近端小管和肾小球均显示出轻微的组织学变化，尽管肾小球变化很少见，且北美野山羊肾脏中所有变化均很少见。预计任何物种的肾功能都不会受到影响。世界卫生组织的临时每月摄入量建议表明，驼鹿器官中的镉仍将是一个公共卫生问题。然而，传统食物仍然是北方饮食的重要营养组成部分，尤其是考虑到向购买食品的转变。
