Guerrero-Ramos Emilia, Molina-González Diana, Blanco-Morán Sonia, Igrejas Gilberto, Poeta Patrícia, Alonso-Calleja Carlos, Capita Rosa
Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Léon, E-24071 Léon, Spain; Ministry of Health, Regional Government of Castilla y Léon, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain.
Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Léon, E-24007 Léon, Spain.
J Food Prot. 2016 May;79(5):748-56. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-390.
A total of 160 samples of poultry (80), pork (40), and beef (40) preparations (red sausages, white sausages, hamburgers, meatballs, nuggets, minced meat, escalope, and crepes) were tested in northwestern Spain to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were detected in 38 (23.8%) samples (37.5% of poultry, 15.0% of pork, and 5.0% of beef samples). One strain per food sample was further characterized. Isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium (14 strains), E. durans (10), E. hirae (7), E. gallinarum (5), and E. casseliflavus-E. flavescens (2). All strains showed resistance or intermediate susceptibility to three or more antimicrobials of clinical significance, in addition to vancomycin. High rates of resistance or intermediate susceptibility were observed for teicoplanin (81.6% of isolates), chloramphenicol (81.6%), erythromycin (100%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (89.5%), and ciprofloxacin (81.6%). A moderate rate of resistance or intermediate susceptibility emerged for ampicillin (34.2%) and tetracycline (36.8%). Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence were studied by PCR. The vanA, vanB, vanC-1, and vanC-2/3 genes were identified in 27, 1, 5, and 2 isolates, respectively. Other resistance genes or transposon sequences found were tet(L), tet(M), Tn5397 (tetracycline), erm(A), erm(B) (erythromycin), vat(D), and vat(E) (quinupristin-dalfopristin). Most isolates were free of virulence determinants (agg, hyl, and efaAfm genes were detected in one, one, and five strains, respectively). Strains were classified as not biofilm producers (crystal violet assay; 4 isolates) or weak biofilm producers (34 isolates). Cluster analysis (EcoRI ribotyping) suggested a strong genetic relationship among isolates from different types of meat preparations, animal species, and retail outlets. Meat preparations might play a role in the spread through the food chain of VRE with several resistance and virulence genes.
在西班牙西北部，共检测了160份家禽（80份）、猪肉（40份）和牛肉（40份）制品（红肠、白肠、汉堡、肉丸、鸡块、碎肉、肉片和可丽饼），以确定耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）的流行情况。在38份（23.8%）样品中检测到VRE（家禽样品的37.5%、猪肉样品的15.0%和牛肉样品的5.0%）。每个食品样品分离出的一株菌株进一步进行特性分析。分离株鉴定为屎肠球菌（14株）、耐久肠球菌（10株）、希拉肠球菌（7株）、鹑鸡肠球菌（5株）和格氏肠球菌-淡黄肠球菌（2株）。除万古霉素外，所有菌株对三种或更多种具有临床意义的抗菌药物均表现出耐药或中介敏感性。替考拉宁（81.6%的分离株）、氯霉素（81.6%）、红霉素（100%）、奎奴普丁-达福普汀（89.5%）和环丙沙星（81.6%）的耐药或中介敏感性发生率较高。氨苄西林（34.2%）和四环素（36.8%）出现中度耐药或中介敏感性发生率。通过PCR研究编码抗菌耐药性和毒力的基因。分别在27株、1株、5株和2株分离株中鉴定出vanA、vanB、vanC-1和vanC-2/3基因。发现的其他耐药基因或转座子序列有tet(L)、tet(M)、Tn5397（四环素）、erm(A)、erm(B)（红霉素）、vat(D)和vat(E)（奎奴普丁-达福普汀）。大多数分离株没有毒力决定因素（agg、hyl和efaAfm基因分别在1株、1株和5株菌株中检测到）。菌株被分类为非生物膜产生菌（结晶紫试验；4株）或弱生物膜产生菌（34株）。聚类分析（EcoRI核糖体分型）表明，来自不同类型肉制品、动物种类和零售点的分离株之间存在很强的遗传关系。肉制品可能在携带多种耐药和毒力基因的VRE通过食物链传播中起作用。
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