Lang Andrew S, Lebarbenchon Camille, Ramey Andrew M, Robertson Gregory J, Waldenström Jonas, Wille Michelle
A Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
B Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island.
Avian Dis. 2016 May;60(1 Suppl):378-86. doi: 10.1637/11135-050815-RegR.
Wild waterbirds, specifically waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds, are recognized as the primordial reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, the role of seabirds, an abundant, diverse, and globally distributed group of birds, in the perpetuation and transmission of IAVs is less clear. Here we summarize published and publicly available data for influenza viruses in seabirds, which for the purposes of this study are defined as birds that exhibit a largely or exclusively pelagic lifestyle and exclude waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds, and we review this collective dataset to assess the role of seabirds in the influenza A ecology. Since 1961, more than 40,000 samples have been collected worldwide from the seabirds considered here and screened, using a variety of techniques, for evidence of active or past IAV infection. From these data, the overall prevalence of active infection has been estimated to be very low; however, serological data provide evidence that some seabird species are more frequently exposed to IAVs. Sequence data for viruses from seabirds are limited, except for murres (common murre, Uria aalge, and thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia; family Alcidae) for which there are full or partial genome sequences available for more than 80 viruses. Characterization of these viruses suggests that murres are infected with Group 1 hemagglutinin subtype viruses more frequently as compared to Group 2 and also indicates that these northern, circumpolar birds are frequently infected by intercontinental reassortant viruses. Greater temporal and spatial sampling and characterization of additional viruses are required to better understand the role of seabirds in global IAV dynamics.
野生水鸟，特别是水禽、海鸥和滨鸟，被认为是甲型流感病毒（IAV）的原始宿主。然而，海鸟作为一类数量众多、种类多样且分布全球的鸟类，其在IAV存续和传播中的作用尚不清楚。在此，我们总结了已发表的和公开可得的关于海鸟流感病毒的数据（在本研究中，海鸟被定义为主要或完全过海洋生活方式的鸟类，不包括水禽、海鸥和滨鸟），并回顾这个综合数据集以评估海鸟在甲型流感生态中的作用。自1961年以来，全球已从此处考虑的海鸟中采集了超过40000个样本，并使用多种技术进行筛查，以寻找当前或过去IAV感染的证据。根据这些数据，当前感染的总体流行率估计非常低；然而，血清学数据表明一些海鸟物种更频繁地接触IAV。除了海鸠（普通海鸠，乌燕鸥，以及厚嘴海鸠，乌燕鸥属；海雀科）外，海鸟病毒的序列数据有限，对于海鸠有超过80种病毒的全基因组或部分基因组序列可用。对这些病毒的特征分析表明，与第2组相比，海鸠更频繁地感染第1组血凝素亚型病毒，这也表明这些北极圈鸟类经常受到洲际重配病毒的感染。需要进行更多的时间和空间采样以及对其他病毒进行特征分析，以更好地了解海鸟在全球IAV动态中的作用。
