Spong Kristin E, Andrew R David, Robertson R Meldrum
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
J Neurophysiol. 2016 Sep 1;116(3):1117-27. doi: 10.1152/jn.00352.2016. Epub 2016 Jun 22.
Spreading depolarization (SD) is generated in the central nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates. SD manifests as a propagating wave of electrical depression caused by a massive redistribution of ions. Mammalian SD underlies a continuum of human pathologies from migraine to stroke damage, whereas insect SD is associated with environmental stress-induced neural shutdown. The general cellular mechanisms underlying SD seem to be evolutionarily conserved throughout the animal kingdom. In particular, SD in the central nervous system of Locusta migratoria and Drosophila melanogaster has all the hallmarks of mammalian SD. Locust SD is easily induced and monitored within the metathoracic ganglion (MTG) and can be modulated both pharmacologically and by preconditioning treatments. The finding that the fly brain supports repetitive waves of SD is relatively recent but noteworthy, since it provides a genetically tractable model system. Due to the human suffering caused by SD manifestations, elucidating control mechanisms that could ultimately attenuate brain susceptibility is essential. Here we review mechanisms of SD focusing on the similarities between mammalian and insect systems. Additionally we discuss advantages of using invertebrate model systems and propose insect SD as a valuable model for providing new insights to mammalian SD.
扩散性去极化（SD）在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的中枢神经系统中均会产生。SD表现为由离子大量重新分布引起的电抑制传播波。哺乳动物的SD是从偏头痛到中风损伤等一系列人类疾病的基础，而昆虫的SD与环境应激诱导的神经关闭有关。SD背后的一般细胞机制似乎在整个动物界都具有进化保守性。特别是，飞蝗和黑腹果蝇中枢神经系统中的SD具有哺乳动物SD的所有特征。飞蝗的SD很容易在中胸神经节（MTG）内诱导和监测，并且可以通过药理学和预处理进行调节。果蝇大脑支持重复性SD波这一发现相对较新但值得关注，因为它提供了一个具有遗传易处理性的模型系统。由于SD表现所导致的人类痛苦，阐明最终可降低大脑易感性的控制机制至关重要。在此，我们回顾SD的机制，重点关注哺乳动物和昆虫系统之间的相似性。此外，我们讨论使用无脊椎动物模型系统的优势，并提出昆虫SD作为一个有价值的模型，可为哺乳动物SD提供新的见解。
