Polak Agnieszka, Rejdak Robert, Czepita Damian, Rekas Marek, Wróbel Andrzej
Pomeranian J Life Sci. 2015;61(3):348-55.
Changes in the economy in Poland in the years 1864-1914 generated changes in the structure of society. A new social stratum, the intelligentsia, was formed from the educated children of rich landowners. To meet social needs Polish universities in Cracow and Lviv opened new departments of medicine. The article presents fragments of the biographies of 4 Poles: Kazimierz Noiszewski, Józef Piłsudski, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski and Stanislaw Sławoj Składkowski to illustrate how their study of medicine affected their further activity as patriots and politicians. Kazimierz Noiszewski was an emigrant who lived and worked as an ophthalmologist in Russia. He tried to support the Polish community and Polish medical knowledge. For Józef Pilsudski and Stanisław Sławoj Składkowski medical studies gave freedom of thought and the opportunity to meet other patriots. Boleslaw Wieniawa-Długoszowski was a man of many interests, and after graduating from a medical university in Lviv, and a short stay in Paris, he became engaged in military service for his country.
1864年至1914年间，波兰的经济变革引发了社会结构的变化。一个新的社会阶层——知识分子阶层，由富有的地主家庭中受过教育的子女组成。为满足社会需求，克拉科夫和利沃夫的波兰大学开设了新的医学系。本文介绍了4位波兰人的生平片段：卡齐米日·诺伊谢夫斯基、约瑟夫·毕苏斯基、博莱斯瓦夫·维尼亚瓦-德鲁戈索夫斯基和斯坦尼斯瓦夫·斯瓦沃伊·斯克拉德科夫斯基，以说明他们的医学学习如何影响了他们作为爱国者和政治家的后续活动。卡齐米日·诺伊谢夫斯基是一名移民，在俄罗斯生活并担任眼科医生。他试图支持波兰社区和波兰医学知识。对约瑟夫·毕苏斯基和斯坦尼斯瓦夫·斯瓦沃伊·斯克拉德科夫斯基来说，医学学习给予了思想自由，并让他们有机会结识其他爱国者。博莱斯瓦夫·维尼亚瓦-德鲁戈索夫斯基兴趣广泛，在利沃夫的一所医科大学毕业后，在巴黎短暂停留后，他投身于为国服役。
