Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań City Hospital, 61-285 Poznan, Poland.
Acta Ophthalmol. 2012 Mar;90(2):193-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01856.x. Epub 2010 Mar 12.
The development of ophthalmology was greatly restricted in Poland in the 19th century, because it was partitioned and occupied by its three dominant neighbours. Polish medical universities were closed, and in Polish hospitals, only clinical work was possible. Those who wanted to study medicine and become ophthalmologists were forced to live and work in exile. Nevertheless, there were some Polish ophthalmologists at that time who had some international influence on retinal research. They contributed to colour vision physiology and pathology, ophthalmoscopy, retinal detachment and gyrate chorioretinal atrophy and congenital choroidal coloboma. The most prominent were Wiktor Szokalski, Ksawery Gałęzowski, Bolesław Wicherkiewicz, Kaziemierz Noiszewski and Michał Borysiekiewicz.
19 世纪，波兰被三个邻国瓜分和占领，这极大地限制了眼科学的发展。波兰的医科大学被迫关闭，而在波兰的医院中，仅能进行临床工作。那些想要学习医学并成为眼科医生的人被迫流亡国外。尽管如此，当时仍有一些波兰眼科医生在视网膜研究方面具有一定的国际影响力。他们对色觉生理学和病理学、检眼镜、视网膜脱离、回旋状脉络膜视网膜萎缩和先天性脉络膜视杯缺损做出了贡献。其中最为杰出的是 Wiktor Szokalski、Ksawery Gałęzowski、Bolesław Wicherkiewicz、Kaziemierz Noiszewski 和 Michał Borysiekiewicz。
