CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Nov 1;569-570:342-351. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.102. Epub 2016 Jun 24.
When ambient air quality standards established in the EU Directive 2008/50/EC are exceeded, Member States are obliged to develop and implement Air Quality Plans (AQP) to improve air quality and health. Notwithstanding the achievements in emission reductions and air quality improvement, additional efforts need to be undertaken to improve air quality in a sustainable way - i.e. through a cost-efficiency approach. This work was developed in the scope of the recently concluded MAPLIA project "Moving from Air Pollution to Local Integrated Assessment", and focuses on the definition and assessment of emission abatement measures and their associated costs, air quality and health impacts and benefits by means of air quality modelling tools, health impact functions and cost-efficiency analysis. The MAPLIA system was applied to the Grande Porto urban area (Portugal), addressing PM10 and NOx as the most important pollutants in the region. Four different measures to reduce PM10 and NOx emissions were defined and characterized in terms of emissions and implementation costs, and combined into 15 emission scenarios, simulated by the TAPM air quality modelling tool. Air pollutant concentration fields were then used to estimate health benefits in terms of avoided costs (external costs), using dose-response health impact functions. Results revealed that, among the 15 scenarios analysed, the scenario including all 4 measures lead to a total net benefit of 0.3M€·y(-1). The largest net benefit is obtained for the scenario considering the conversion of 50% of open fire places into heat recovery wood stoves. Although the implementation costs of this measure are high, the benefits outweigh the costs. Research outcomes confirm that the MAPLIA system is useful for policy decision support on air quality improvement strategies, and could be applied to other urban areas where AQP need to be implemented and monitored.
当欧盟指令 2008/50/EC 规定的环境空气质量标准超标时，成员国必须制定和实施空气质量计划 (AQP) 以改善空气质量和健康。尽管在减排和空气质量改善方面取得了成就，但仍需要做出额外的努力，以可持续的方式改善空气质量，即通过成本效益的方法。这项工作是在最近结束的 MAPLIA 项目“从空气污染到地方综合评估”的范围内进行的，重点是通过空气质量模型工具、健康影响函数和成本效益分析，定义和评估减排措施及其相关成本、空气质量和健康影响以及效益。MAPLIA 系统应用于大波尔图城区（葡萄牙），针对该地区最重要的污染物 PM10 和 NOx。定义并描述了四种不同的减少 PM10 和 NOx 排放的措施，从排放和实施成本方面进行了描述，并将其组合成 15 种排放情景，通过 TAPM 空气质量模型工具进行模拟。然后，使用剂量反应健康影响函数，根据避免的成本（外部成本）来估计健康效益，从而估算空气中污染物浓度场。结果表明，在所分析的 15 种情景中，包括所有 4 种措施的情景导致总净收益为 0.3M€·y(-1)。最大的净收益来自考虑将 50%的明火场所转换为余热回收木材火炉的情景。尽管该措施的实施成本很高，但收益大于成本。研究结果证实，MAPLIA 系统可用于支持空气质量改善策略的政策决策，并且可以应用于需要实施和监测 AQP 的其他城市地区。
