Campanella Sara
Nuncius. 2016;31(2):408-38. doi: 10.1163/18253911-03102005.
Ichthyological investigations and technological advancements, such as the laying of submarine telegraph cables, promoted new dredging methods in the second half of the 19th century. In contrast to the idea of a lifeless deep ocean (Edward Forbes' azoic hypothesis), the discovery of deep water fauna and the challenge of defining its systematics opened up new theoretical perspectives. In this frame, which was already marked by the impact of Darwin's theory, naturalistic surveys in freshwater environments in western Switzerland intertwined with those of oceanographic expeditions. The study of the fauna in the depths of subalpine lakes by the Swiss savant François-Alphonse Forel was one of the most striking examples of this turning point, because the relatively recently evolution of its freshwater fauna allowed him to investigate: (a) the role of isolation, (b) the progressive differentiation of species from a common ancestor, and (c) the constitution of a species-specific category in form transition, from a genealogical viewpoint to an ecological one.
鱼类学研究以及诸如铺设海底电报电缆等技术进步，推动了19世纪下半叶新的疏浚方法的发展。与无生命的深海概念（爱德华·福布斯的无生命假说）相反，深水动物群的发现以及界定其分类学的挑战开辟了新的理论视角。在这个已经受到达尔文理论影响的框架内，瑞士西部淡水环境中的自然主义调查与海洋学探险相互交织。瑞士学者弗朗索瓦 - 阿尔方斯·福雷尔对亚高山湖泊深处动物群的研究是这一转折点最引人注目的例子之一，因为其淡水动物群相对较新的进化使他能够研究：（a）隔离的作用，（b）物种从共同祖先的渐进分化，以及（c）从谱系观点到生态观点的形态转变中特定物种类别的构成。
