探索 2010-2014 年美国过境导向型发展分区与积极出行和过境使用之间的横断面关联。
Exploring the Cross-Sectional Association between Transit-Oriented Development Zoning and Active Travel and Transit Usage in the United States, 2010-2014.
机构信息
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA.
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
出版信息
Front Public Health. 2016 Jun 3;4:113. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00113. eCollection 2016.
BACKGROUND
In response to traditional zoning codes that contribute to car-dependent sprawling and disconnected neighborhoods, communities are reforming their land use laws to create pedestrian-friendly areas that promote physical activity. One such reform is the adoption of transit-oriented developments or districts (TODs). TODs are higher density, compact, and mixed use areas located around transit stops that are designed to encourage walking.
PURPOSE
To identify the characteristics of communities that have adopted TODs in their land use laws and examine if communities that have included TODs in their zoning codes are more likely to have adults that commute by any form of active transportation (i.e., walking, biking, or public transportation) or by using public transportation specifically.
METHODS
Zoning codes effective as of 2010 were obtained for a purposeful sample of the largest 3,914 municipal jurisdictions located in 473 of the most populous U.S. counties and consolidated cities within 48 states and the District of Columbia. They were evaluated to determine whether they included TOD districts or regulations using a coding tool developed by the study team. Descriptive statistics together with t-tests and Pearson's chi-squared independence test were used to compare characteristics of jurisdictions with and without TOD zoning. Multivariate linear regressions were used to compute the adjusted association between TOD zoning and taking public or active transportation to work.
RESULTS
Jurisdictions with TOD zoning were located more in the South and West than non-TOD jurisdictions and were more populous, higher income, more racially diverse, and younger. Jurisdictions with TOD zoning had significantly higher percentages of occupied housing with no vehicle than those without TOD zoning. TOD zoning was associated with significantly higher rates of public transportation to work (β = 2.10, 95% CI = 0.88, 3.32) and active transportation to work (β = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.03, 3.94).
CONCLUSION
Communities that have or are considering developing public transit infrastructure may want to modify their zoning codes to include TODs to promote physical activity and active travel to work.
背景
为了应对导致依赖汽车、蔓延且社区间相互孤立的传统分区法规，各社区正在改革其土地使用法规，以创建促进身体活动的行人友好区域。其中一项改革是采用交通导向型开发或区域（TOD）。TOD 是位于交通站点周围的更高密度、更紧凑和混合用途区域，旨在鼓励步行。
目的
确定在其土地使用法规中采用 TOD 的社区的特征，并研究在分区法规中纳入 TOD 的社区是否更有可能让成年人选择任何形式的积极交通方式（即步行、骑自行车或公共交通）或专门使用公共交通出行。
方法
为了确定目的，获取了截至 2010 年有效的分区法规，这些法规来自于位于美国 48 个州和哥伦比亚特区的 473 个人口最多的县内最大的 3914 个市政管辖区的有目的样本。使用研究团队开发的编码工具来评估它们是否包含 TOD 区域或法规。使用描述性统计数据以及 t 检验和 Pearson 卡方独立性检验来比较具有和不具有 TOD 分区的管辖区的特征。使用多元线性回归计算 TOD 分区与乘坐公共或积极交通上班之间的调整关联。
结果
具有 TOD 分区的管辖区位于南部和西部的比例高于没有 TOD 分区的管辖区，且人口更多、收入更高、种族更多样化、更年轻。具有 TOD 分区的管辖区的无车居住住房比例显著高于没有 TOD 分区的管辖区。TOD 分区与更高的公共交通上班率显著相关（β=2.10，95%CI=0.88，3.32）和积极交通上班率显著相关（β=2.48，95%CI=1.03，3.94）。
结论
已经拥有或正在考虑开发公共交通基础设施的社区可能希望修改其分区法规，以纳入 TOD，以促进身体活动和积极的上班出行。
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